Research paper about Marijuana Essay Example for Free

Research paper about Marijuana EssayMarijuana hemp or marihuana, medicate obtained from the flowering tops, stems, and leaves of the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa (see hemp) or C. indica the latter species can withstand colder climates. It is one of the most commonly mathematical functiond medicines in the world, following only caffeine, nicotine, and hard beverages in popularity. In the joined States, where it is usually smoked, it also has been called weed, grass, pot, or reefer.The PlantC. sativa grows as a common weed in galore(postnominal) parts of the world, and drug preparations vary widely in potency according to climate, cultivation, and method of preparation. Mexico, Paraguay, and the united States are the top hemp-producing nations worldwide. C. indica is a shorter, hardier variety with rounded blue-green leaves, grown in Afghanistan for hashish. Most ganjas grown in the United States since the late 1980s are hybrids of the two and yield a practically more pote nt product than the marijuana of the past. The resin found on flower clusters and top leaves of the female plant is the most potent drug source and is dod to prepare hashish, the highest grade of cannabis. The bud of the female plant, called sinsemilla, is the part most often smoked as marijuana.The drugThe effects of marijuana vary with its strength and dosage and with the raise of mind of the user. Typically, lower-ranking doses result in a feeling of well-being. The intoxication lasts two to three hours, but accompanying effects on motor control last much longer. High doses can cause tachycardia, paranoia, and delusions. Although it produces some of the uniform effects as hallucinogens like LSD and mescaline (heightened sensitivity to colors, shapes, music, and other stimuli and distortion of the sense of time), marijuana differs chemically and pharmacologically.The primary active component of marijuana is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), although other cannabinol derivat ives are also thought to beintoxicating. In 1988 scientists discovered receptors that bind THC on the membranes of nerve cells. They reasoned that the body must make its own THC-like substance. The substance, named anandamide, was isolated from pig brains in 1992 by an American pharmacologist, William A. Devane.Marijuana lowers testosterone levels and sperm counts in hands and raises testosterone levels in women. In pregnant women it affects the fetus and results in developmental difficulties in the child. There is evidence that marijuana affects normal maturation of preadolescent and adolescent users and that it affects short-run memory and comprehension. Heavy smokers often sustain lung damage from the smoke and contaminants. Regular use can result in dependence.The Legalization QuestionWith the increase in the number of middle-class users in the 1960s and 1970s, there came a somewhat greater acceptance of the view that marijuana should not be considered in the same class as nar cotics and that U.S. marijuana rights should be relaxed. The Drug Abuse Prevention make out of 1970 eased federal penalties somewhat, and 11 states decriminalized possession. However, in the late 1980s many states rewrote their drug laws and imposed stricter penalties. Beginning in 1996, however, a series of states began enacting checkup marijuana laws (two fifths of the states now have one), and in 2012 voters in the states of Colorado and Washington clear the legalization of marijuana. Opponents of easing marijuana laws have asserted that it is an intoxicant less controllable than alcohol, that our drug-using society does not need another widely used intoxicant, and that the United States should not act to weaken UN policies, which are opposed to the use of marijuana for other than possible aesculapian purposes. In 2013, Uruguay became the first nation to legalize the growing, selling, and use of marijuana, a move it undertook in part in an attempt to undermine drug cartels. Uruguays legalization, which was a source of controversy in the country, also was critized by planetary authorities for contravening treaties to which Uruguay was a party.Medical UsesControversy surrounds the medical use of marijuana, with proponents saying it is useful for treating pain and the nausea and vomiting that are side effects of malignant neoplastic disease chemotherapy and for restoring the appetite in people with AIDS. Its active ingredient, THC, was synthesized in 1966 and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1985 synthetic THC is available by prescription in pill form as dronabinol (Marinol) and nabilone (Cesamet). Proponents of medical marijuana say it is not as effective as the herb and is more expensive. In addition to THC, another cannibis derivative (or cannabinoid), cannabidiol (CDB), is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant and also moderates THCs psychoactive effects.A 1999 U.S.-government-sponsored study by the Institute of Medicine found that marijuana appeared beneficial for authoritative medical conditions, such as nausea caused by chemotherapy and wasting caused by AIDS. Because of the toxicity of marijuana smoke, however, it was hoped that further research might lead to development of invigorated delivery systems, such as bronchial inhalers. A number of studies since 1999 have shown that smoked marijuana has pain-reducing effects when compared with marijuana stripped of its cannabinoids.The Office of National Drug Control Policy has opposed legalization of the medical use of marijuana, citing law enforcement issues and the possibility that some would use it as a pretext to sell marijuana for nonmedical use, and the FDA said in 2006 that, despite the 1999 report, that marijuana has no accepted or proven use in the United States. Proponents, disregarding the law, have set up networks for the distribution of the drug to people who they judge will be helped by it and continue to lobby for its legalization for medical use. In 1996 California enacted the first state law permitting the use of marijuana for medical reasons, and about one third of the states now have some sort of medical marijuana legislation. As a result of a Supreme Court ruling in 2005, however, these laws do not protect medical users with a prescription from federal prosecution. In 2009 lawyer General Eric Holder ordered that federal prosecutors not focus on persons whoclearly comply with state medical marijuana laws, but federal law enforcement officials have moved to close many so-called marijuana dispensaries despite compliance, arguing in part that many prescriptions for marijuana are not justify medically. Another, lower court ruling permits doctors to discuss medical use of marijuana with their patients but forbids them to help patients obtain the drug. A number of countries, including Canada, permit the medicinal use of the drug.History of Marijuana UseMarijuana has been used as an agent for achieving euphoria since ancien t times it was described in a Chinese medical compendium traditionally considered to date from 2737 BC It also has a long history of use as a medicinal herb. Its use spread from mainland China to India and then to N Africa and reached Europe at least as early as AD 500. A major crop in colonial marriage America, marijuana (hemp) was grown as a source of fiber. It was extensively cultivated during World War II, when Asian sources of hemp were cut off.Marijuana was listed in the United States Pharmacopeia from 1850 until 1942 and was prescribed for various conditions including labor pains, nausea, and rheumatism. Its use as an intoxicant was also commonplace from the 1850s to the 1930s. A campaign conducted in the 1930s by the U.S. federal Bureau of Narcotics (now the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs) sought to portray marijuana as a powerful, addicting substance that would lead users into narcotics addiction. It is still considered a gateway drug by some authorities. In the 1950s it was an accessory of the beat generation in the 1960s it was used by college students and hippies and became a symbol of rebellion against authority.The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified marijuana along with heroin and LSD as a Schedule I drug, i.e., having the relatively highest abuse potential and no accepted medical use. Most marijuana at that time came from Mexico, but in 1975 the Mexican government agreed to eradicate the crop by spraying it with the herbicide paraquat, upbringing fears of toxic side effects. Colombia then became the main supplier. The zero toleranceclimate of the Reagan and Bush administrations (198193) resulted in passage of strict laws and mandatory sentences for possession of marijuana and in heightened vigilance against smuggling at the southern borders. The war on drugs thus brought with it a shift from reliance on imported supplies to domestic cultivation (particularly in Hawaii and California). Beginning in 1982 the Drug Enforcement A dministration turned increased attention to marijuana farms in the United States, and there was a shift to the indoor(a) growing of plants specially developed for small size and high yield. After over a decade of decreasing use, marijuana smoking began an upward drive once more in the early 1990s, especially among teenagers, but by the end of the decade this upswing had leveled off well below former peaks of use.

The United States should regulate trade with foreign countries Essay Example for Free

The United States should find out business deal with foreign countries Essay concern across the boarders is very pregnant as over the years, it has enhance industrialization in most and improved the balance of payment in those countries. For this foreign portion out to occur smoothly across these nations in that respect of necessity to be patterns which govern the types of services and products to be sold and the conduct of the personnel involved. Globalization therefore requires c beful steering and improvement on the policy changes (Bhagwati 32). in spite of the conventions in place, foreign muckle has a lot of returns to individual countries and the United States is not an exception. Some of the benefits of foreign trade include Specialization Countries argon endow with a variety of resources. This may be in the form of very skilled labor, precious minerals, unspoiled climate, and excellent infrastructure among other things. Since countries cannot produce either the goods they need, they exit maximize their efforts in producing those goods that are bound to bring in more returns and will import the rest of the commodities that they meet not produced. By doing this the bucolic will develop further and will continually improve its balance of payments. Such trade as well exposes the consumers to a variety of goods as they have options from different countries to choose from.Specialization is also linked with comparative advantage. Comparative advantage refers to channeling resources to the production of the commodities that will yield more return. Countries will therefore utilize resources in areas where they know they can get more returns. Other than concentrating on particular industries, it is important for countries to produce a variety of products because if they focus on the production of unitary commodity, when that particular industry is affected, the dry land will also be affected. This may be due to changes in market forces c ause by recession or the passage of new trading policies (Baker A.8). The imports and exports of a country and the way they are priced therefore greatly determine how the country will progress especially. Competition Competition is important for telephone circuites to grow as they are motivated to produce more and weaken commodities at lower prices. Globalization reduces trade barriers thus encouraging the exchange of goods and speculate creation (January 32). For competition to be effective it will depend on natural resources, the types of equipment and technology a country has and skilled laborers to produce the products. Combination of these factors decidedly increases the specialty of industries. Economies of scale A country will gain more if it directs its resources to the most efficient industries. This will aid a country to improve its economies of scale by producing more payoff. Openness to international trade contributes to frugal growth (Boudreaux, 17). Some com panies therefore require a lot of research or a lot of funds and that is why they sometimes their competitive nature will be limited. Sometimes it is difficult to move resources from one industry to another(prenominal) especially when the industries have nothing in common. Knowledge-Intensive ProductsBetween the years 1986-2001, the U. S benefited a lot from exporting manufactured products to other countries. This was because they have experts who designed better advanced products and manufacturing processes. The cost of marketing the products was minimized because they were unique products being brought into the market and plenty were eager to use them. moreover, the workforce was well educated and trained. Looking at the benefits of international trade, we see that the United States as well as other countries have gained and that is why these business transactions need to be enhanced.Creating a prim business environment requires the enactment of policies that will ensure that t he benefits accrued are maximized and the risks minimized. The U. S needs to regulate foreign trade for a number of reasons. ? breastplate of local industries The U. S needs to protect the domestic industries which play a major role in the growth of the economy by creating trade regulations. This is because there is a need of increasing employment in certain industries which importation of products is hindering or being fit to control the prices of goods and services.When trade is not regulate by putting certain measures that limit the importation of certain commodities, importation will increase because the consumers will demand more foreign goods as unconnected to buying the locally manufactured products and this will lead to deficits in the balance of payments (Smick 34). ? Enhancing trade policies The U. S should regulate foreign trade because through processes like licensing the goods and habitude regulations, the country through the custom authority.The customs Authority is in charge of enacting the policies that have been passed by the render on trade by imposing customs duties, trade restrictions and taxes agreed on so that they govern trade between the U. S and other countries. The U. S customs service is already doing a good job in helping exporters because they give them information on duty rates, custom regulations and policies as used by the U. S and foreign countries and through its website, it has created an interactive forum where people are more knowledgeable about international trade and processes (Baker C.111). In doing so, the customs authority is able to control the goods that are submission the country therefore they make sure that they gain from all goods entryway they country as this minimizes the evasion of paying taxes (Stein 71). This also limits the entry of illegal products entering the country for example, illegal drugs that can be catastrophic to the citizens. ? Proper excogitatening Regulating trade with foreign count ries will enable the Federal State to plan its activities better.This will help in the budgeting process so that they can forecast better on the market trend and adjust policies so that the country is not adversely affected by the global marketing changes. This will enable them to distribute resources equally and channel resources to the sectors where they know they will generate more income (Mann 75). This will also make the people in charge of the processes more accountable because in case of any faults, they will be held responsible for the actions they undertook. ? Technological sweetener Regulating trade is important because it enhances the technological innovations and inventions.Some countries can take advantage when there are no regulations in place that inhibit the practise of certain creations and design to create similar or even better commodities thus enhancing the competition in markets which they mostly dominated. The U. S therefore needs to regulate the trade as it helps in building these skills that propel the countries economy to greater heights. ? National Security Regulating foreign trade enhances national security because the state limits the chances of other countries controlling business activities in that country therefore, they can not directly influence the prices of commodities.This is especially related with the government owned businesses which need to be protected from being influenced by foreign companies such that they may decide to engage in business agreements for example partnerships and in case the state business is faced with financial difficulties or other risks, it has a higher risk of being taken over by the foreign company. National security is also enhanced by the use of Intellectual property rights as they enable the business to gain competitive advantage.Products that are protected by patents or trade marks mean that they cannot be sold in countries that infringe the trademarks or patents and this helps in enabling fair trade (Hiebert 47). The U. S should be able to benefit from the many experts it has in various fields. It needs to be in a position where they can minimize foreign governments from contacting them so that they share the secrets. For instance if people who produce military products are contacted by other governments and given better rewards, then they can easily go to those countries and develop war weapons which can be used against the country.That is why it is important to regulate trade with foreign countries. International trade is not possible without the use of foreign currency (Baker C. 20). The country is able to see how their products are priced against other currencies and continually monitors its cash reserves and how it spends its money so that the US dollar is stable. This is helpful especially at this harsh economic period when the country is trying to minimize on importation of commodities so as stabilize the currency.? Environmental Protection Globalization and advancements in technology have contributed to the emerging issues of environmental pollution and its effects on the people. There is therefore the need to ensure that these cases are minimized and this will happen if the state commits itself to preventing harmful substances which might include chemical products that when used in the industries emit harmful substances into the environment as well as technologies from entering the country (Carlarne 30).The internet has enhanced international trade to the next level by making it easier and faster to make business transactions and trade. However, it is contributing to various cyber crimes where innocent people are exploited in the name of fake businesses in the U. S and people lying. Though there are measurers to make such processes legitimate, for example, creating rules on the use of digital signatures and agreements but still more needs to be done as people are losing a lot of money in such relations and the people undertaking such trade crimes cannot be tracked.? Reducing trade conflict When two or more organizations engage in constructive ventures, conflicts are bound to happen. If there are no proper mechanisms to address the problems and the issues keep on escalating, then a lot of money which would otherwise be used on important ventures will be used to settle legal claims (Perdikis et al. 1). The U. S since it deals with many countries in almost every industry they have a greater chance of facing numerous claims. They therefore invest a lot of money in hiring legal advisors and in compensations (Brown, Crowley, Mcclulloch Nakajima 2). They need to regulate their trade so that the agreements are stricter but which gives them room to minimize the costs, resources, time and energy used in legal issues. There are many international bodies that are governing foreign trade in various aspects for instance, the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which laid the policies that are now used by the World Trade Organization (WTO), plus different trading blocks in various regions and continents. Though they set the rules to be used by all involved countries, they sometimes do not always tackle the problems that are faced by individual countries face that is why the U.S needs to put their own trade policies as well as used those set by such bodies to make sure that their economy is well protected. ? Minimizing corruption There also cases where foreign trade official at the customs are being bribed so that they can allow the entry if certain goods into the country. The U. S government has helped to solve the issue by placing anti-money laundering laws and also corruption laws to prevent foreign government officials from being bribed so that they can either conduct business within the country or lighten their policies so that they can benefit (Braithwaite Drahos 162).Such practices sometimes go undetected and finally when they are discovered, they create a bad image for the country (St iglitz 52). The state needs to tighten such measures so as to promote fair business practices and healthy competition. Some home based companies are not very keen on the industrial Total Quality Management standards (TQM) in place. Sometimes they overlook regulations so that they can produce more output and this has led to the exportation of substandard products.Trade regulations need to be enforced so that such companies engage in the production of quality products. Conclusion standard of foreign trade has enabled the United States to manage risks that are associated with foreign trade as well as curb unethical behavior in this business. More still needs to be done so that they safe guard the local business from being put at risk of being debar down. The regulations should be published in state journals and be accessible through the internet so that companies both local and foreign are aware of the policies in place.The regulations should also be found in the school curriculum a ss the students and young professionals will be sensitized at an early age.Works CitedBaker, J. C. funding International Trade. Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport Praeger, 2003. Baker, S. A. An Introduction to International Economics. Orlando, Fl Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, 1990 Bhagwati, J. In Defense of Globalization, New York, NY Oxford University Press, 2004 Braithwaite, J. Drahos, P. Global business regulation, Cambridge University Press, 2000 p. 162 Boudreaux, D. J.Globalization. Westport, CT Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc, 2008 Brown, C. P. , Crowley M. A. , Mcclulloch R. Nakajima D. J. The U. S. Trade Deficit do in China? Economic Perspectives, 29 (2005) 2 Carlarne, C. Form the USA with Love Sharing Home-Grown Hormones, GMOs, and Clones with Reluctant Europe. Environmental Law, 37 (2007) 30. Hiebert, T. H. Parallel Importation in U. S. Trademark Law. Greenwood Press, 1994. January, Brendan. Globalize It, Brookfield, CT Twenty First Century Books, 2003 Mann , C. M. Is the U. S. Trade Deficit Sustainable?Institute for International Economics, 1999. Perdikis, N. , Read, R. International Economics Study Group. The WTO and the regulation of international trade recent trade disputes between the European Union and the United States, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005 Smick, D. M. The World Is Curved-Hidden Dangers to the Global Economy, New York, NY The Penguin Group, 2008 p. 34 Snyder F. G. Regional and global regulation of international trade, Hart Publishing, 2002 Stein, S. Trade out of Whack Making Sense of the Trade Deficit. Policy Review, 128 (2004)

Effects on Individual Preparation for Work

Effects on Individual Preparation for WorkIndividual Assignment- Three Future TrendsLim Mei NuanThis assignment go forth talk virtually the leash approaching trends that will have positive effect for an soulfulness preparation for work and how one of it has the most impact for an individual to take in for work. Three future trends that I will discuss argon the utilize of freshly technologies for culture delivery, increase emphasis on capturing and sharing intellectual capital and increased use of true performance support and amicable knowledge.Nowadays, the growing and use of rising technologies is continuously changing and this give the axe show that the use of untested technologies in cultivation will be taking place. Increased uses of innovative technologies will definitely jockstrap schoolchilds to gain knowledge and better prepare for the workforce. However, not every individual will accept the increased use of new technologies into the learning environs. Ther efore, effective learning will attract an individual to increase use of new technologies (Winn, 2002). This is because effective learning potty be occurred through with(predicate) with(predicate) informal learning (Roy, 2010). Informal learning means the learner controls the learning process that includes when to lift out an action and this process will not involve an instructor or a trainer and totally control by the learner (Noe, 2013). Informal learning is the small aspect for increased use of new technologies this is because it involves the student interactions with the peers and lecturer, sharing experience and knowledge of study (Winn, 2002). This informal learning substructure happen through different methods, such(prenominal) as e-mail and social networking websites (Noe, 2013). Furthermore, this will become more usual as combined social networking tools and Web tools to create this easier to down (Roy, 2010). Thus, this can increase use of new engine room and as we ll as can increase emphasis on capturing and sharing intellectual capital. Nevertheless, informal learning can help students to increase the chance for learning and sharing knowledge (Allen Lewis, 2006). Students will know how to social interaction with others by using the social networking that allows the students to enhance the collaborationism with peers and lecturer, increased informal learning and discussion. Social interaction can help the student to use time productive because students can learns knowledge with and others through the social networking platforms (Brotherton, 2011). This overly can be explained that social learning can help students to share their knowledge, experiences and information through social networking tools (Noe, 2013). This assists students to gain more knowledge equivalence to previously they must attend class only can obtain information. Students are not required to spend time to travel to school or college and they can directly get knowledge t hrough social networking platforms and Web tools. Furthermore, all learning process will become very easy and satisfactory because the student can use social networking tools such as iPhone, iPad and notebooks to gain knowledge. Therefore, increased use of true performance support and social learning can grow a huge impact for students to gain more knowledge and experience. Increased the use of new technologies such as the Internet can aid the collaborative activities in college and this can increase the students to engage in the activities and encourage to talk in class and knowing more information intimately the champaign (Goldman et al., 1996). This can be said that when increase the use of new technologies, will increase emphasis on capturing and sharing intellectual capital and thus will increase use of true performance support and social learning. All these new sets of future trends should include in the learning environment to help students to prepare for the future.The most important future trend is increased use of new technologies for training delivery. The use of new technologies is not only preparing students to step into the employment it also enhances students to learn new information and to think critically when using new technologies (Kidwell, Linde Johnson, 2000). Increased use of new technologies can increase the students critical thinking skills and this can produce high productivity for the task (Wang, 2012). An organization is looking for an individual who can solve problems critically, can communicate well with others about ideas and information and those can collaborate with colleagues (Beers, 2012). Higher education institutions are using the technologies to enhance the students social learning, performance and intellectual aspects (Kidwell, Linde Johnson, 2000). For instance, many universities are using e-learning to deliver the educational material through electronic media such as internet, video/audio tape and CDs. By using t he new technologies for training delivery, the content is easy to understand, easy to access and easy to update the information (Beers, 2012). It also can help the student to perform the task in an effectual and effective ways (Chizmar Walbert, 1999). Through the e-learning, it can give the student the flexibility in where and when they want for accessing the educational material (Song, Singleton, Hill, Koh, 2004). Research had shows that students who are utilize to the new technologies to create an electronic school yearbook were having a high level of confidence and more active in the task commitment (Liu, 1998). This result indicates that used of new technologies can have a positive effect on the students. Utilizing engineering can enhance the students to share their knowledge with others and increase the development for the workplace (Kidwell, Linde Johnson, 2000). For example, this can increase the productivity and the quality of work, enhance the collaboration with collea gues and increased the motivation of the students and all of these can help the students to prepare in the workplace (Chandra, Theng, Lwin, Foo, 2009).In 21st century, many students cannot put on what they have learned from the college into the real world problem (Daggett, 2010). This problem can overcome through the uses of technologies. This is because technologies tools can provide students to apply the theories in the different settings. According to Scheffler and Logan (1999) stated that integrating technology can help students to analyze, evaluate and applying the theories and the knowledge into a real life situation. It means that it uses technology tools to sustenance the learning objective and enhance the student problem solving skills and critical thinking skills.In this digital age, teachers and educators play an important role to help students to be well prepared to enter the workforce. This is because teachers can use of new technologies as supporting tools to help t hem to enrich their teaching method method and increase the student learning (Koc, 2005). Teachers should help students to utilize the technologies tools in a proper way (Koc, 2005). Technology should be used effectively and consistently in the learning environment and teaching materials can be delivered through technology tools to help the students to improve their study (Schwarz, 2000). For example, teacher can play a short video decorate for helping the students to understand the concepts and theory through the visuals. It also can aid the teachers to benefit the student to build networks with other countries (Davidson, 2000). Sinclair (2009) reported that the effectiveness of technology in the classroom is depends on the teacher competency levels and how the teacher uses the technology. Furthermore, teachers should create awareness for the students to know about why technology is being used and explained to the students that how this new technology can help them in their learn ing process (Sinclair, 2009). Research shows that there is a positive effect for students learning in mathematics and science through technology tools (Roschelle et al., 2000). This shows that teachers and educators should always use technology tools in teaching and learning to help students to make use of these tools. Therefore, teachers should practice using the new technologies in the teaching process.In addition, the collaboration between universities and industry is important for the lecturer and trainers to upgrade and widening their knowledge as well as the capability to use the new technologies (Kidwell, Linde Johnson, 2000). This can build the foundation for the lecturer and trainers to use the new technologies and also for students (Matthew, 2014). This foundation can also increase the awareness of and the experience to use the new technologies effectively (Matthew, 2014). Moreover, it can help lecturer and trainers to build confidence and knowledge when using the new tec hnologies (Matthew, 2014). Therefore, it provides direct information and the current knowledge for the lecturer and also for the students.Moreover, students should ne advances using tacit knowledge in order to use the new technologies in an effective way. This is because tacit knowledge includes personal experience and ideas and alliance with other people, it is very difficult to explain it out or write it down (Kidwell, Linde Johnson, 2000). Tacit knowledge is important in various high-tech productions such as electronics, telecommunication and aircraft production all are based on tacit knowledge (Rosenberg, 1982 Vincenti, 1984). Therefore, advances using tacit knowledge can improve an individual to prepare for work in the future.Technology not only can use an educational tool for teachers and students it also can be implemented into the curriculum. This can serve to enrich the understanding and increase the academic performance of the students (Klein, 2010). Past research had sh ows that implemented the digital technology into the curriculum can help students to put down and increase their motivation to involve in the activities, and increase the student decision making skills (Abbott Shaikh, 2005). This result shows that it helps students to engage in the activities and motivated the students to involve in the all in all process. Therefore, implemented the technology into the curriculum can prepare the students before enter into the workplace.In conclusion, problem solving skills, critical thinking skills and can work collaborative with other people are very important to help students to be well prepared to enter the workforce. Teachers and educators can guide students and provides students to use the new technologies in an effective and successful way.ReferenceAbbott, C., Shaikh, A. (2005). Visual representation in the Digital Age Issues arising from a guinea pig study of digital media use and representation by pupils in multicultural school settings . Language Education An International Journal, 19(6), 455-466.Allen, B., Lewis, D. (2006). Virtual learning communities as a vehicle for workforce development A case study. Journal of Workplace Learning, 18(6), 367-383. doi 10.1108/13665620610682099Beers, S. Z. (2012). 21st century skills preparing students for their future. In STEM Education Coalition, 1-6. Retrieved from http//www.yinghuaacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/21st_century_skills.pdfBrotherton, P. (2011). Social Networks Enhance Employee Learning. T+D, 65(4), 18-19.Chandra, S., Theng, Y., O. Lwin, M., Foo, S. (2009). Examining the role of cognitive assimilation for information sharing in virtual worlds. Conference Papers International Communication Association, 1-33.Chizmar, J. F., Walbert, M. S. (1999). Web-based learning environments guided by principles of good teaching practice. Journal of economic Education, 248-264.Daggett, W. R. (2010). Preparing students for their technological future. International Center for Leadership in Education. Retrieved from http//www. leadered. com/pdf/Preparing Students for Tech Future white paper. pdf.Davidson, S. (2000). Teaching with the world wide web. Phi Delta Kappan, 37, 13-16.Goldman, S.R., Petrosino, A.J., Sherwood, R.D., Garrison, S., Hickey, D., Bransford, J. D., Pellegrino. (1996). Anchoring science in multimedia learning environments. In S. Vosniadou, E. De Corte, R. Glaser, and H. Mandl (Eds.). International perspectives on the psychological foundations of technology based learning environments. Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Kidwell, J. J., Linde, K. M. V., Johnson, S. L. (2000). Applying corporate knowledge management practices in high education. Educause Quarterly, 4, 28-33.Klein, J. D. (2010). When you cant bring your classroom to the world, bring the world into your classroom. Youth Media Reporter, 486-88.Koc, M. (2005). Implications of learning theories for effective technology integration and pre-service teacher train ing a critical literature review. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 2(1), 2-18.Liu, M. (1998). A study of engaging high-school students as multimedia designers in a cognitive apprenticeship-style learning environment. Computers in Human Behavior, 14, 387415.Matthew, H. (2014, July 2). Further Education men Strategy The Governments strategy to support workforce excellence in further education. Department for Business, Innovation Skills, 1-29. Retrieved from https//www.gov.uk/government/publications/further-education-workforce-strategyNoe, R. A. (2013). Employee Training and Development (6th ed.). saucily York McGraw-Hull.Rosenberg, N. (1982). Inside the black box Technology and economics. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press.Roschelle, J. M., Pea, R. D., Hoadley, C. M., Gordin, D. N., Means, B. M. (2000). Changing how and what children learn in school with computer-based technologies. Children and Computer Technology, 10(2), 76-101. Retrieved from http//www.futureofchildr en.orgRoy, J. N. (2010). Transforming informal learning into competitive advantage. T + D, 64(10), 23-25.Scheffler, F., Logan, J. (1999). Computer technology in schools what teachers shouldknow and be able to do. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 31, 305-325.Schwarz, G. (2000). Renewing teaching through media literacy. Phi Delta Kappan, 37, 8-12.Sinclair, G. B. (2009). Is Larry Cuban right about the impact of computer technology on student learning? Nawa Journal of Language Communication, 3(1), 46-54.Song, L., Singleton, E., Hill, J., Koh, M. (2004). Improving online learning Student perceptions of useful and challenging characteristics. The internet and higher education, 7(1), 5970. doi 10.1016/j.iheduc.2003.11.003.Vincenti, W.G. (1984). Technological knowledge without science The innovation of flush riveting in American airplanes, ca. 1930-ca. 1950. Technology and Culture, 25(3), 540-576.Wang, V. (2012). Encyclopedia of E-Leadership ,Counseling and Training. Hershe y, PA IGI Global.Winn, W. (2002). Current trends in educational technology research the study of learning environment. Educational Psychology Review, 14(3), 331-351.

Understanding Personality In Order To Improve Communication

Understanding Personality In Order To Improve CommunicationNew Britain Oils is a Palm Oil manufacturer who specialises in fully sustainable Palm Oil. The organisation is a subsidiary of New Britain Palm Oil Limited which has been around since the 1980s.The organisation consists of a number of situate across the globe with the main nameations growing in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands c overing 82,000 hectares and employing over 10,000 ploughers. There are only 2 refinery, one in Papua New Guinea and the second is in Liverpool. Liverpool is the only site outside of Australasia and had an opening employment count of 26 in 2010, this number currently stands at 78 in 2016.The Liverpool Refinery opened in 2010 starting with bulk oil supply into 28 tonne road tankers. In 2012 the Packing Facility was opened, this plant converts some of the bulk oil into industrial margarine and other bakery fats. Since opening in 2010 New Britain Oils is now the number one supplier of sustain able Palm Oil in the UK.With the rapid growth of the Liverpool site came an increase in employees and inevitably the dynamic of the working environment changed with it. Some employees left the organisation, who agree since been replaced, and new departments hire been created to cope with the growth of the business. Consequently this instability has affected the productivity in some areas. This issue couldve been exacerbated by the counselling team up ups failure to do it this variation and react accordingly. Bringing in new workers will bring in differing psychological mouthfuls and according to Jung (1971) gustatory sensations influence our choice of careers, agencys of thinking, family bloods, and work habits. Richard L. Hughes et al. (2015) utter that our takeences play a fiber in the characteristic and unique ways we be declare from day to day. Consequently, could increasing the worry awareness of their teams individual resources promote cave in relationships, t hrough improved communication, inwardly the organisation?Mary Uhl-Bien and George B. Graen (1995) discovered that higher quality Leader-Member Exchange relationships set out very positive outcomes for leaders, followers, work units, and the organisation in general, the same research also found that the development of Leader-Member Exchange relationships is influenced by characteristics and behaviours of leaders and members.This assignment will first outline what flowerpot affect the military strength of a leader and wherefore increasing the value of relationships could increase the rough-and-readyness of a leader. Using existing research it will look at why communication is a crucial tool for a leader and how an understanding of how differing temperament types interact, prefer to receive information and what drives their decision making, can enable leaders to communicate much effectively. A recognised psychological test will be apply to gather data about the psychological p references of some of the employees across different areas of the business with the objective being to identify potential differences in preferences. The overall aim of the research is to increase the anxiety teams awareness of some of the differing spirit types within their department and understand the differences between these types. The intention is to educate the management team and give them the opportunity to adapt their leadership inwardness to promote stop quality relationships through a better understanding of the individuals within their team.Literature Review leadershiphipLeadership has been the subject of research for a long time. destroy (1978) stated that due to its importance in human groups, the concept of leadership is one of the organisational topics that have virtually intrigues researchers for centuries. As a result, feats to define leadership have proved to be an ambiguous. Leadership as simply a complex form of social problem solving (Miller and Ross 1 975), leadership is directing and coordinating the work of group members (McCall Jnr et al. 1988), leadership is creating conditions for a team to be effective (Reason and Mycielska 1982). Powell and Pirsico (rev. ed. 2003) defined leadership as the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goals. All of the definitions stated have a connection which is the reference to a group or team. This implies that leadership would non exist without individuals to lead.The definitions detailed show the variation in concepts of leadership and this is reflected in the research. Some leadership researchers have centreed on the leader-follower relationship and Geoff Thomas et al. (2013) stated that the reason we focus on the leader-follower relationship is because research shows that the quality of this relationship is reliably linked to follower well-being and performance.Other researchers, such as John Adair, looked at how the site can affect the way leaders act. Adai r determine that leadership is affected by three things. The task, the team and the individual and leaders need to balance their time equally between the three areas and at authoritative times one of the areas will dominate, unless over the long run a balance would be achieved (John Adair 1982). Figure 1. shows John Adairs concept of action centred leadership. In different situations the circles will be overlapping different amounts showing which the dominant factor is.Figure 1. John Adair (1982)Researchers have studied the behaviours of the leader and what behaviours are associated with an effective leader. Leadership is earned and it is not granted by role or rite of passage (Lloyd l. Sederer 2012) and through our interactions humans sustain the effect of leadership and we lay out it even though we may not be aware that we do so (Kempster and Parry 2011). This means that leaders could be established by displaying a distinct set of behaviours which followers associate with a le adership role.Research shows that there are behaviours that can be attributed to an effective leader. These are known as The Six Cs of Leadership Credibility (Bamford, 2016)Figure 2. David Bamford (2016)Communication would fall under the Character umbrella and plays a crucial fundamental role in every business. The quality of the communication can be affected by the relationship between two individuals and a key element of the quality of the relationship is the interaction between the individualalities. Different personalities and give out information in different ways and how this information is controled can affect the quality of the communication. Leaders who have calm dispositions and do not attack or belittle others for bringing bad news are more than likely to get utter(a) and timely information from subordinates than are bosses who have explosive tempers and a reputation for killing the messenger (Hughes et al. 2015).PersonalityMany theories have been developed to explain what causes individuals to take over the way they behave and why they behave differently to other individuals. The term personality is among the most comprehensive of those in the psychologists vocabulary, clarification of its connotation to the satisfaction of a majority, even of psychologists, is difficult (John K. McCreary 1960). This view begins to explain the range of opinions as to what personality means to passel. McCreary goes on to describe some the definitions as experimental, calling for criticism and inviting agreement. This tenet is quite ambiguous as all definitions would fall under one of those three categories.Robert Hogan (1991) had a different approach and he stated that the term personality is fairly ambiguous and has at least two quite different meanings sooner than a definition. The first meaning implies that personality is the impression a person makes on others. The second meaning is less obvious and focusses more on the unseen processes within a person wh ich explains why we behave the way we behave. These versed processes have been categorized as traits by some researchers. Personality traits as useful concepts for explaining why people act fairly consistently from one situation to the next (Hughes et al. 2015).Traits are characteristics or habits which are specific to an individual. Traits can have one of two outcomes, such as extraversion and intussusception however, individuals are not categorized into one these traits but rather they sit on a scale which may show a preference towards one of the two oppositions. If we begin such scaling, we should guess that we are likely to constrain personalities unnaturally fitting them into one mould (Allport and Odbert 1936)Gordon Allport and Henry Odbert were theorists the idea of traits and trait names. They explored two comprehensive dictionaries and identify 17,953 trait-names in the English language. They reduced the list down to 4500 adjectives. They reported that the unfamiliarit y of a large proportion of the trait-names in our list proves that our practical vocabulary is wanting(predicate) to the task of representing the complex phenomena of human nature (Allport and Odbert 1936). They arrange the traits into a hierarchy of threeCardinal Traits the dominant traitCentral Traits general characteristicsSecondary Traits not obvious, such as attitudesRaymond Cattell further explored the work spotless by Allport and Odbert by taking the list of 4500 adjectives and reducing it down to 171 by removing all the synonyms. Cattell was the first to realise data regarding personality traits. The outcome of the data he collected allowed him to come up with 16 personality factors which he used to come up with an assessment called the 16PF. This was one of the first attempts to measure personality.Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorMeasuring personality is difficult because personality cannot be seen but some psychology researchers have devised tools that can be used to giv e results owing to an individuals psychological preferences. The most commonly used tool is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This tool evolved over a extent of 5 decades and was based on the work carried out by Swiss Psychologist Carl Jung who spent a lot of his career researching personalities within individuals.Jung defined two oppose tendencies in personality introversion and extroversion and while both tendencies are present in all individuals, one tends to dominate the other (Almerinda Forte 2005). on with the two opposing tendencies for personality, Jung also identified four functions relating to personality which are thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting.Katharine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Myers both had an interest in individual differences which they brought together, including the work through by Carl Jung, which resulted in the development of the MBTI. The MBTI is a very popular tool used homowide mainly for psychiatric patients but also the MBTI has be en in extensive use in personal and management development since the early 1970s (Leary et al. 2009).The MBTI is based on the principle that the differences in behaviour from one person to other can be expressed in damage of preferences between the polarities (Amel Behaz and Mahieddine 2012) and the MBTI focuses on two primary human activities how people gather information and how they make decisions (Richard J. Daisley, 2011). However, abide by that measurement is only possible if we blindly insist that people are comparable in respect to each common trait (Allport and Odbert 1936)Allen et al. (2002) adapted the Four-Part theoretical account developed by Susan Brock to demonstrate the difference between each of the oppositions. This is shown belowFigure 3. Allen et al. (2002)In completing the MBTI each of the individuals will demonstrate a preference for one of the two oppositions. For example the draw in/extrovert scale is based how the individual get their energy whilst the sensing/intuitive scale considers how people interpret data. The thinking/feeling scale looks at the factors people take into account when making decisions and the judging/perceiving scale considers the amount of information an individual needs forrader making a decision.Yuval Cohen et al. (2013) described each of the bipolar oppositions in their paper based on personality types of project managers.Figure 4. Yuval Cohen (2013)The first opposition is the most commonly associated when thinking about differing personalities Introversion or Extroversion. There are three main differences between introversion and extroversion. Energy creation is noted as the most important difference, but the response to stimulation and the approach to knowledge are also different (Heidi Eve-Cahoon 2003). Introverts are energized by the internal world of ideas, impressions, and emotions, whereas extroverts focus outside of themselves and are energized by activities, people, and things of the outside wor ld (Heidi Eve-Cahoon 2003). Extroverts are often seen as possessing the desirable set of personality traits for success in todays fast-paced world, on the other hand, introverts bring a whole host of desirable personality traits to the table, which need to be equally valued, nurtured, and utilized (Shelley J. Schmidt 2016).Samples for the United States suggest that 55 to 60 percent of all people are extroverts (Gardner and Martinko 1996). Fretwell et al. (2013) highlighted some data (Filbeck et al. 2005, Fox-Hines and Bowersoch 1995) relating to each of the four dimensions, which demonstrates the preferences of the U. S. population. This data agrees with other research that a greater percentage of individuals have an extroverted preference. Results of this study will demonstrate any direct correlation to the results of the U. S population.Figure 5. Fretwell et al, (2013)A similar study was documented in prepare and Coaching Today (2007) which showed the findings from a recent MBTI study of 1634 individuals in the UK.Figure 6. Training and Coaching Today (2007)As New Britain Oils is situated in the UK, it is inevitable that the results from this study will correlate to the results from the study of the UK individuals.As there are four bipolar oppositions for MBTI, this means that there are sixteen possible results which could be given based on the responses to the questions and the scores obtained on the bipolar scale. Figure 7.One downside to having so many possible outcomes and factors involved is that it takes interest and effort to remember ones type (William A. Lynagh 2006).Psychology researchers and advocates of personality preferences maintain that no one type is better than the others because a team benefits from the presence of varied personality types (Cynthia Plonen 2015). The best way to think of it is that neither set of traits is better or more valuable than the other rather, they are different, often complementary, and both are needed to make the world go round, so-to-speak (Shelly J. Schmidt, 2016), however many more leaders are ISTJs, ESTJs, and ENTJs than other types (Hughes et al. 2015). Gathering data from the management team will be able to demonstrate a positive or negative correlation to this statement.MethodologyThe data collection process involved 25 employees from a number of departments and all of the employees who completed the questionnaire did so voluntarily. Results were obtained from 100% of the employees in two departments along with 50% of employees from another department. Shift patterns limited one department but a representative warning of 65% was obtained to provide data. In addition, 57.14% of the management team were included in the study to determine the range of the personality preferences amongst the management team. Figure 7 shows the social organization of the organisation.Figure 7.Despite there being question marks over the integrity of personality measurement instruments, they are still widely used in organisations. A Humanmetrics Jung Typology Test, based on the MBTI, will be used to gather the data for this study. The questionnaire consists of 64 multiple choice questions which will result in a four letter type based on the Myers-Briggs 16 types.The Humanmetrics Jung Typology Test was selected because the results will correlate directly to the MBTI theory and also this method is more accessible for employees and allows for more data to be collected.The purpose of the questionnaire is to begin to develop an understanding of the personality types that exist within some departments of the organisation because personality questionnaires are saint for describing personality (Luke D. Smillie 2008).The MBTI has been used widely across a number of business sectors for decades. The instrument has been extensively tested for reliability and validity (James C. Lampe 2004) and the extensive research on the instrument since its development supports its reliability and valid ity (Moore et al. 2004). Over 2 million copies of the instrument are sold each year (Pittenger 1993) and the MBTI is the most widely used instrument for non-psychiatric populations (A. J. DeVito 1985).Despite its depth of validation there are still many sceptics of the MBTI itself as a viable instrument and future research mustiness use more rigorous designs before greater confidence can be placed in the results (Gardner and Martinko 1996). It has been speculated that subjects of the instrument can falsify their responses in an attempt to achieve different results. This wary approach, when questioning the validity of the responses, could be considered when the instrument is used as part of an organisations recruitment process as subjects could change their responses in an attempt to become more appealing to an employer.The organisation has 78 employees and a sample of 32% were included in the study but statistical induction is difficult owing to the low number of cases (Bamford et al. 2003). Some correlations can be made between the existing literature and the results of the MBTI used in the organisation but this cannot be reflective of the organisation as a whole.FindingsKey FindingsThe key findings from the research showed that there are a range of personality types present within the organisation and out of the 16 possible personality types the individuals from the organisation fell into 9 of those types. Over 50% of the results from the individuals who took part in the study fell into 3 of the possible 16 personality types. All 3 of the common personality types included a preference for thinking rather than feeling and judging rather than perceiving. This means that 68% of the individuals included in the study prefer to be analytical, critical and make decisions objectively but those individuals only aim a token(prenominal) amount of information to make decisions and as a result they can make poor decisions.ISTPISFPISTJISFJ7ESTPESFPESTJESFJ153INTPINFPI NTJINFJ1ENTPENFPENTJENFJ1142Figure 8.Introvert/Extrovert PreferenceAs mentioned previously, one of the dimensions that then MBTI specifically looks at is where individuals prefers to focus their energy. This dimension has two bipolar oppositions, introversion and extroversion. The data gathered shows that 68% of the individuals who took part in the research had a greater preference for extroversion.This means that more than half of the employees at the organisation prefer to work in larger groups, get their energy from people and activities. The management team could use this data to adapt their leadership style to suit some of the personality preferences within their team and using a collective approach to problem solving may prove to be more effective.Customer Service squad Personality Types75% of the customer service team have a preference for extroversion and this would fit well with their role and responsibilities as they obtain their energy from interacting with people. Havin g this preference could help them to build better relationships with customers and suppliers. 100% of the customer service team had a preference for thinking which means they are more concerned with operational considerations and are able to detach themselves from the decisions they make which is a good characteristic to have relative to their role. design Team Personality Types 50% of the engineering department contributed to the research and 100% of the employees who contributed showed a preference to extroversion so using team meetings when tackling engineering issues would give the extroverts the forum to think out loud, share ideas with each other and has the potential to be very effective. The Engineering Manager showed a preference to introversion and so he would prefer to take the information gathered from the team meeting and spend some time thinking about in order to come up with the most effective solution. This approach to engineering issues has the potential to be ve ry productive by considering the individuals preferences in order to maximise their input and provide the Engineering Manager with lots of information before making decisions.Shift Workers Personality TypesThe responses from the time out workers presented a large amount of variation, however, 69.23% of the teddy bear workers, who completed the questionnaire, showed a preference for extroversion. This outcome is reasonably foreseeable in having a higher number of extroverts in this department as all of the individuals work on a shift consisting of four employees. Individuals with a preference for introversion would be less attracted to work which would include them working within shifts, although only having four employees on a shift would be more attractive than organisations with high numbers of employees on each shift.92.3% of the shift workers showed a preference for judging rather than perceiving and individuals with this preference only require a minimal amount of information before making a decision. Shift workers operate on a 24 hour rotation transcription therefore they work outside of normal hours and so they are expected to make quick decisions independently. Individuals who have a preference for perceiving like to intake as much information as possible before making a decision and so too many perceivers on one shift could handgrip decisions and corrective action which could result in reduced output from that shift.Management Team Personality Types57.14% of the organisations management team took part on the study. The data shows that the management team fall into three different personality types ISTJ, ESTJ and INTJ.The results showed that 50% of the individuals who contributed had a personality type of ISTJ which displays characteristics which would typically be associated with someone who is in a higher-ranking position, such as being serious, practical and realistic. 75% of the management team, which would equate to 42.8% of the total managem ent team, demonstrated a preference for introversion rather than extroversion and these members of the management team are responsible for technical, engineering and the safety department. All of these departments are smaller, in team size, than all of the other departments and each of these members of the management team have their own individual office and so it is foreseeable that they would have a preference for introversion. The extroverted individual from the management team is responsible for a large team consisting of 20 shift workers and their workspace is located in the production area and so having the extroverted preference is advantageous to their role. All of the members of the management team showed preferences for thinking and judging rather than feeling or perceiving independently. This again is a predictable outcome given their position within the organisation as this indicates that they prefer to be analytical, approach decisions objectively and pay careful attent ion to any potential operational impacts.DiscussionThe first of the four dimensions provides data on the individuals preferences towards introversion or extroversion. Samples from the United States suggest that 55 to 60 percent of all people are extroverts (Gardner and Martinko, 1996). The data obtained from this study appear to validate this statement as 68% of the individuals showed a preference for extroversion. The data in the study by Fretwell et al. (2013) noted that 70 75% of individuals in the U. S. have a preference towards extroversion and that data would correlate more closely with the data obtained in this study. The study of the U. K. showed only 52.6% of the individuals have a preference towards extroversion which is contradictory to the results of this study.Consequently more than half of the employees, involved at the organisation have a personality focused on the outside world, get motivation from interaction with other people and by doing things (Yuval Cohen, 2013 ). The data could be used by the management team in order to improve productivity by using groups sessions allowing the individuals share ideas.comparability to Existing ResearchThe data previously mentioned in the study by Fretwell et al. (2013) and the data shown in Training and Coaching Today (2007) showed results for individuals in U. S. and U. K respectively and some of those results are closely correlated to the results of this study.DimensionU.S.U.K.New Britain OilsExtrovert70-75%52.6%68%Introvert25-30%47.4%32%Sensing70-75%76.5%60%Intuition35-30%23.5%40% sentiment60% males40% females45.9%68% males36.6% femalesFeeling40% males60% females54.1%32% males33.3% femalesJudging55%58.3%88%Perceiving45%41.7%12%The similarity of results for the extrovert and introvert dimension has already been discussed but there are similarities with results for the other dimensions. The sensing and intuition dimension results are similar to the results from the studies of the U. S and U. K. albeit cl oser to the results from the U. S study, as there is a greater preference towards sensing. This means that the individuals prefer concrete details of a situation and rely on the five senses to observe facts or happenings (Fretwell et al. 2013)This also means that they tend to be practical, orderly, and down-to-earth decision makers (Hughes et al. 2015).When comparing the thinking and feeling dimension, the results are more closely correlated with the results for the study of the U. S. population. 72% of the individuals, in this organisation, showed a preference to thinking, however in the study of the U. K. the majority of the individuals showed a preference to feeling. This means that individual from this organisation prefer to assume a more objective approach to decisions and show more consideration to operational factors. Individuals who show a greater preference towards thinking are associated with careers such as consultants, lawyers, executives and engineers. (www.similarminds .com).The results for the final dimension show that overall the individuals from the organisation have a much greater preference for judging rather than perceiving. These results compare with the studies from the U. S. and U. K., in terms of the majority of the individuals showing a greater preference towards judging, however nearly 90% of this organisation shares this preference as were the other studies show just over 50%. This could impact the organisation because individuals with this preference tend to make up their minds quickly and as a result can make poor decisions (Hughes et al. 2015).The management team in the organisation presented results which partially correlated with the work done by Hughes et al. (2015), who stated that more leaders are ISTJs, ESTJs, and ENTJs than other types. In this organisation, the management team demonstrated personality types matching ISTJ and ESTJ however there were no ENTJ personality types from the results collected.50% of the management t eam showed a personality type of ISTJ and this preference would be associated with behavioural characteristics such as being responsible, organised and punctu

Analysis of Construct Traits in Personality Theory

Analysis of Construct Traits in Personality TheoryWord Count 1521Q It is said that attributes argon important gains in individualizedity theory. Support or refute this statement.1. INTRODUCTIONIf you were every to ask a person to describe him or her self, he or she would probably make use of adjectives such as motivated, fun-loving, or maybe lazy and disorganised. These people would, in essence, be describing themselves by identifying shots of what makes them who they are, performers or features. Kassin (2003) identifies individuals emotions, thoughts and behaviours as making up his or her personality. These can vary considerably from one person to the next. Therefore, in order to make the subject of personality more than scientific, researchers such as Allport, Eysenck and Cattell, finished a process of factor analysis, identified factors or aspects of personality, that are considerably stable crossways time. Personality traits. These researchers have not yet r from each oneed an absolute consensus on the precise number of traits, which may be used to accurately describe personality. Eysenck, for example identified the traits neuroticism, extraversion and psychoticism as decent in describing most aspects of personality. Cattell, however, identified 16 traits necessary in accounting for aspects of personality. These disparities arise out of differences in factor-analytic method used and the range of items analysed (Carr, 2004). The most possessive trait theory of recent years is the Five-Factor Model of Personality (MacCrae Costa, 1999) a richer exploration of this will follow.The following will consider the value of the construct traits in personality theory, by providing an over befool of the literature on the construct traits, related theories and current research, concluding with a discussion on the findings.2. DEFINITIONIn considering the importance of the construct traits in personality theory, the actor will look closer at the definition o f personality and that of the construct traits.2.1. A Definition of PersonalityIt is said that at that place are as many definitions of personality as there are personality theorist. Pitts (1991 609) highlights Gordon Allports definition of personality, which identifies it as, the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that localize his attribute behaviour and thought, as being widely accepted by most theorists. Kaplan and Sadock (1998 775) define personality as, a persons characteristic totality of emotional and behavioural traits apparent in ordinary life, a totality that is usually stable and predictable.From these two comprehensive definitions, personality could thereof be seen as being both distinctive and characteristic, and as describing a style of interacting in everyday life. Since each person is complexly unique, it is not surprise that the task of describing, and even more so, measuring personality is also highly complex.On returnin g to the question, and considering the above definition of personality, it would appear that for the construct traits to play a significant role in personality theory they need to be able to accurately describe an individuals general disposition, and identify these as being stable across the life-span.2.2. A Definition of TraitsTraits are said to be those things that make us who we are. More specifically, traits are relatively enduring personal characteristics, which, along with maculational variables, influence behaviour, cognition and affect (Carr, 2004 181).In considering the above definition, the following terms are highlighted relatively enduring and situational. The author highlights these terms specifically, as they equal on the importance of traits on personality theory, in that traits, according to this definition, are not necessarily stable across the life span and are situationally influenced. For example, the trait honest is very often used in describing an individual, yet this particular trait is often very dependent on a given situation. notwithstanding these possible limitations of trait theory, the author considers the clear approach traits provide in dread and describing personality and personal interactions, as well as a diaphysis for comparing individuals.3. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONSFactor-analytic approaches and trait theories have arisen in recent years as a welcomed alternative to abstract theorising, in identifying aspects of personality that influences an individual respond in varying situation (Pitts, 1991). Raymond Cattell, using a set of observable, surface personality traits, identified a small group of 16 primary traits, as being central to personality. While, Hans Jurgen Eysenck proposed a 3-trait model. More recently, the Five-Factor Model (MacCrae Costa, 1999) has emerged as a front-runner of trait theories, as it provides a middle road between the original positions of Cattell and Eysenck (Carr, 2004).The Author will now c onsider these approaches to trait theory in greater depth.3.1. Raymond CattellIn his aim to improve the predictive techniques of personality theory, in estimating a persons behaviour in a given situation, Raymond Cattell began by identifying names, used to describe traits or characteristics of personality (Pitt, 1991 623). From a list of 18 000 trait names, Cattell reduced this to 160. Then, through a process of factor analysis, he further reduced this number to 16 factors. Cattell described these 16 factors on a continuum, in a view that each person possess, to some degree, every trait. Everybody has some degree of every trait. These traits in Abstractedness, Apprehension, Dominance, Emotional Stability, Liveliness, Openness to Change, Perfectionism, Privateness, Reasoning, Rule Consciousness, Self-Reliance, Sensitivity, Social Boldness, Tension, Vigilance and Warmth. Cattell considered these 16 factors as source traits, which form the basis of personality (Pitt, 1991, 623). In 194 9 Cattell published these findings in an assessment tool, the 16PF.According to Fehriinger(2004 16), despite Cattells 16-factor theory having made great contributions to the ontogenesis of personality theory, his theory has received vast rebuke. The most prominent criticism being that despite numerous attempts to replicate the 16 Personality Factor Model, an wide-cut replication has never been achieved. Yet, despite criticism, Fehriinger (2004 16) identifies the contribution of Cattells theory in that, investigation into to the validity of Cattells model researchers did discover the Big Five Factors, which have been monumental in understanding personality, as we know it today.3.2. Hans Jurgen EysenckAccording to Eysenck, personality can be represented on three dimensions, which are uncorrelated with each other he labelled them extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism (Pitt, 1991). Eysenck suggested that each person exhibits set responses to external and internal stimuli and tha t these will vary in accordance with the intensity of the stimuli, the situation and state of mind (Pitt, 1991).These set responses then develop into predictable trends, for example, a person may feel intimidated by large crowds, and as a result, limit his or her contact with specific situations. When this avoidance becomes a normal defence to coping with crowds, it becomes a habit. This behaviour may also then head for the hills to other situations, such as social functions or days out in the city. When these responses are combined, they form traits.Jang (1998 27) identifies the following contributions of Eysencks approach to the victimisation of personality theory.By combing descriptive and casual aspects of personality, Eysencks model is considered more credible than other descriptive models.It is both comprehensive and descriptive, a critical aspect for comparison with other trait theories.The experimental approach adopted by Eysenck in the study of personality, makes this mod el more evidence based. Making this model more likely to generate more specific predictions because knowledge about the functioning of the specified physiological structures is available.Despite these identified contributions, Eysencks theory has received criticism in that it has been found to concentrate too extensively on extraversion, and has not made any expansion. A further criticism is that the unitary nature of extraversion, a premise of his theory, has been questioned.3.3. Five-Factor ModelThe Five-Factor Model has drawn on the insights of Cattell, Eysenck and others, and includes the following dimensions Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience and Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (Carr, 2004). According to Srivastava (2006), the five-factor model has made significant contributions to the development of personality theory, in that it established a common taxonomy, doing away with a previously disorganised field. Furthermore, the five-factor model is distinguishe d from other theories is that it is based on language, instead than on ideas from an individual psychologist.Further support is found for the five-factor model, in that meta-analysis has confirmed the predictive value of this model across a range of behaviors. Saulsman and Page (2004, as cited in Srivastava, 2006) examined the relationship between the five-factor model and each of the 10 personality disorder categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). These researchers found that across 15 independent samples, each disorder displayed a unique and predictable five-factor profile (Srivastava, 2006).4. DISCUSSIONFrom the afore gone exploration on personality theory and traits, the author is able to identify both strengths and weaknesses of the construct traits. Since trait theory is largely based on statistical data, it removes any bias influence and remains objective, contrasted other personality theories, which are based on subjective personal experiences. Furthermore, it is a clear and easy to apply approach for use in understanding people. However, the criticisms remain that it is a poor predictor of future behaviour and fails to address developmental issues. Despite these, the author is able to identify the importance of the construct trait in personality theory.5. BIBLIOGRAPHYCarr, A. 2004. Positive Psychology The science of happiness and human strengths. Hove Brunner-Routledge.Fehriinger, H.M. 2004. Contributions and Limitations of Cattells Sixteen Personality Factor Model. Retrieved on the exhibit 2nd, 2007, fromhttp//www.personalityresearch.org/papers/fehringer.html.Jang, K. 1998. Eysencks PEN Model Its contributions to personality psychology. Retrieved on March 2nd, fromhttp//www.personalityresearch.org/papers/jang.htmlKaplan, H. I., Sadock, B. J. 1998. Synopsis of Psychiatry Behavioral sciences/ clinical psychiatry. (8th ed.). USA Lippincott Williams Willkins.Kassin, S. 2003. Psychology. USA Prentice-Hall, Inc .McCrae, R., Costa, P. 1999. A five factor theory of personality. In L. Pervin and O. John (Eds.). Handbook of Personality (2nd ed.). pp. 139-153. NY Guilford.Pitts, M. 1991. Personality. In J. Radford and E. Govier (Eds.). A Textbook of Psychology (2nd ed.). London Routledge.Srivastava, S. (2006). Measuring the Big Five Personality Factors. Retrieved March 2nd, 2007 from http//www.uoregon.edu/sanjay/bigfive.html.

The Grapes of Wrath: No One Man, But One Common Soul :: Grapes Wrath essays

The Grapes of Wrath No One Man, But One Common Soul Many writers in American literature try to instill the doctrineof their choosing into their reader. This is often a philosophy derived atfrom their own personal experiences. John Steinbeck is no exception tothis. When traveling through his native Californian in the mid-1930s,Steinbeck witnessed good deal living in appalling conditions of extremepoverty due to the Great Depression and the agricultural disaster known asthe Dust Bowl. He detect that these people received no aid whatsoeverfrom neither the state of California nor the federal government. The ragehe experienced from seeing such preaching fueled his novel The Grapes ofWrath. Steinbeck sought to change the poor plight of these farmerswho had migrated from the midwest to California. Also, and moreimportantly, he wanted to suggest a philosophy into the reader, and insurethat this suffering would never occur again (Critical 1). Steinbeck showsin The Grapes of Wrath that the re is no one man, but one common somebody inwhich we all blend to. The subject of Steinbecks fiction is not the most thoughtful,imaginative, and constructive aspects of humanity, but rather the processof life itself (Wilson 785). Steinbeck has been compared to a twentiethcentury Charles Dickens of California a social critic with more sentimentthan science or system. His writing is warm, human, inconsistent,occasionally angry, but more often delighted with the joys associated withhuman life on its lowest levels (Holman 20). This biological image of mancreates techniques and aspects of form capable of conveying this image ofman with esthetic power and conviction the power to overcome distressthrough collectiveness, or in this case, as one combined soul(Curley 224). Steinbecks basic purpose of the novel is essentially unearthly,but not in any Jewish-Orthodox sense of the word. He is religious in that hecontemplates mans relation to the cosmos and attempts to transcendscientific exp lanations based on sense experience. He is also religious inthat he explicitly attests the holiness of nature (Curley 220). A commonfear during the nineteenth century was one of this naturalism leading tothe end of reverence, worship, and sentiment. Steinbeck, however, is the world-class significant author to build his own set of beliefs, which some wouldrefer to as a religion, upon a naturalistic basis. Because of his religious style on a naturalistic basis, he is able to relate man with anatural soul that they own, and combine them into a grouping of a larger,more important soul (220). America and American literature was founded on the spirit of

The Nightmare Essay -- Fantasy, creative writing, fiction writing

Exhausted and beat, Kai grasps his face. The prominent slap that the missy he saved has leave a mark. The battle that odd one town saved and a hero in pain. His get up gashed deeply, a painful memory of the dragons last attack forrader being dismantled and go forth headless. Kai stands in distraught his right- leave holding his left shoulder and his left hand grabby his face. He watches as the missy he saved stampedes off with steam coming from her ears as her ass imprinted with a bloodied hand, the hand print that Kai had accidentally left. Kai stands at heart the beloved town righteous staring at his hand wondering if something was actually wrong. The silence is broken as his companions join him. Even before he can say anything Amber, the girl secretly in love with Kai, slaps him across the face ferociously as fire burns with in her eyes. Without giving him term to explain, Amber scolds Kai and begins to yell I dont believe you oh my gosh. What is wrong with you? Do you be possessed of to grope every hot girl you see? Kai looks at her as if a tactile sensation of jealousy has arose, but knowing if ever bought up hed be tormented like no new(prenominal) and can only rejoinder It wasnt me this time I swear. This hand is out of control Just then, Kai passes out clinching his shoulder as he crashes to the ground. The adjoining morning Kai wakes up in a bed with his shoulder bandaged and in a sling. He hears Melody and Amber talking in the conterminous room and as he goes and sees how they are doing, his left hand breaks from the sling and gropes Melody upon her ass. This hand which was named by the group as the lecherous hand seems to have a mind of its own. With his hand squeezing her firm ass, Sai walks in. What the hell is going on here? Kai does not know how to reply. H... ... in bed. He looks at his left hand and then feels his shoulder bandaged and in pain. He removes the bandage and his deep wound has not healed. He lies back down tr ying to trip his breath when as intravenous feeding people enter the room. They sit next to him asking what had happened and all he can say is nothing it was a fantasyjust a terrible dream. As his friends stick by his side watching over him he notices the pouring outside. The rain smashes at the windows like apostrophize and he whispers to himself level the welkin weep. But outside a notorious figure works the night, peering finished the window he steps aside and takes his leave. With a malevolent grin on his lips his raspy voice utters Kaiyou are almost ready. The wet and dark night shakes and rumbles as a devilish laugh echoes through the night making even the Devil himself quiver. This is only the beginning of the end. The Nightmare Essay -- Fantasy, creative writing, fiction writingExhausted and beat, Kai grasps his face. The prominent slap that the girl he saved has left a mark. The battle that left one town saved and a hero in pain. His shoulder gashe d deeply, a painful memory of the dragons last attack before being dismantled and left headless. Kai stands in distraught his right-hand holding his left shoulder and his left hand grasping his face. He watches as the girl he saved stampedes off with steam coming from her ears as her ass imprinted with a bloodied hand, the hand print that Kai had accidentally left. Kai stands within the beloved town just staring at his hand wondering if something was actually wrong. The silence is broken as his companions join him. Even before he can say anything Amber, the girl secretly in love with Kai, slaps him across the face ferociously as fire burns with in her eyes. Without giving him time to explain, Amber scolds Kai and begins to yell I dont believe you oh my gosh. What is wrong with you? Do you have to grope every hot girl you see? Kai looks at her as if a hint of jealousy has arose, but knowing if ever bought up hed be tormented like no other and can only reply It wasnt me this time I sw ear. This hand is out of control Just then, Kai passes out clinching his shoulder as he crashes to the ground. The next morning Kai wakes up in a bed with his shoulder bandaged and in a sling. He hears Melody and Amber talking in the next room and as he goes and sees how they are doing, his left hand breaks from the sling and gropes Melody upon her ass. This hand which was named by the group as the lecherous hand seems to have a mind of its own. With his hand squeezing her firm ass, Sai walks in. What the hell is going on here? Kai does not know how to reply. H... ... in bed. He looks at his left hand and then feels his shoulder bandaged and in pain. He removes the bandage and his deep wound has not healed. He lies back down trying to catch his breath when as four people enter the room. They sit next to him asking what had happened and all he can say is nothing it was a dreamjust a bad dream. As his friends stick by his side watching over him he notices the pouring outside. Th e rain smashes at the windows like hail and he whispers to himself even the heavens weep. But outside a notorious figure works the night, peering through the window he steps aside and takes his leave. With a malevolent grin on his lips his raspy voice utters Kaiyou are almost ready. The wet and dark night shakes and rumbles as a devilish laugh echoes through the night making even the Devil himself quiver. This is only the beginning of the end.