Medium is the Message Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medium is the Message - Essay Example In considering the overarching nature of the song medium there are a number of reasons I chose this as my primary area of investigation. The primary reason I chose this medium relates to the subject matter embodied in the song. While the song is well over a decade old, when one examines the current political climate they recognize that there is great strife. For instance, one can consider the conflict that has arisen between the United States and the Middle Eastern states. While America has been progressively withdrawing forces, it goes without saying that there continues to be significant emotional conflict. In addition to this, I recognize that the medium of music is extremely powerful in its visceral appeals and this made me excited to investigate the medium. The song itself was recorded by Michael Jackson on his Dangerous album in 1991 (Michael Jackson: Dangerous’). It can broadly be categorized as pop, or soft rock and gospel. When one considers the target audience for th e song, it’s clear that while it has mainstream appeal, it is also intended for a more specific audience. In these regards, it seems that the song indicates that earth needs everyone to be as one in order to make a better world, especially the ones who creates war such as dictators or terrorist, as well as children because they are the new generation who can give hope for the future. Indeed, the song is open to the public sphere and encourages them to end the deterioration that is occurring as a direct result of war and conflict. Ultimately, the ideology that is being advanced is simply that it’s time to heal the world. In considering the reason that Michael Jackson wrote the song it’s clear there are a number of possible interpretations. From a cynical perspective one can argue that Michael Jackson was primarily interested in releasing a pop song that would sell to a mass audience. In considering the song it’s clear that the themes and message relate to a broad audience. The song’s can be listened to by individuals across the globe and they can equally relate to its message. In these regards, t

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory Essay

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory - Essay Example This essay will focus on the â€Å"multi-store model of memory developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in the year 1968† (Kipp & Shaffer, pp. 300, 2009). Multi-store memory model revolves around three basic types of memories, namely, â€Å"sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory† (Nash & Bernstein, pp. 209, 2006). Therefore, it is essential to understand the types in detail. Many a times, one realizes that they have seen an object and have a picture of it in their mind. However, within a fraction of a second, it fades away. Other times, one asks another to repeat a certain thing just to realize they know it already. These instances depict the sensory memory. According to an experiment, when subjects are asked to report all the three letters they can see in a brief flash of a letter array, they usually can report only four of five letters. The number of reported letters is independent of the number of displayed letters. However, according to demonstration of a partial-report procedure, subjects are able to store a dozen or more items in a very short-term memory" (Gegenfurtner & Sperling, pp. 1, 1999). Another type of memory is the short-term memory. Whenever a person is thinking about a certain situation, their short-term memory begins its functioning. At any one time, the short-term memory may get its input from the external environment i.e. the surroundings of a person or from the long-term memory of that individual. An example of the former case may be a thought process of a conversation a person is into while the example of the latter may be the thoughts occurring about an event that happened in the distant past, which may be stored in the long-term memory. The short-term memory of any individual may show increment by recoding information. â€Å"Miller (1956) summarized evidence that people can remember about seven chunks in short-term

Psychological Perspectives in the Workplace

Psychological Perspectives in the Workplace It has been said the goal of psychology is to predict and influence behavior. Though very broad, this definition seems to somehow hold despite the far reaches of psychological inquiries which ranges from the diagnosing and treating various pathologies in people to training animals to perform complex tasks to improving relationships between people to seeking to facilitate the answers to life’s questions. It is in regards to these last two that the realm of organizational psychology is concerned about as its aims are to advance both people and profits through the application of psychological principles. Organizations as People The methods of applying the principles of psychology to organizations are, in large measure, the same as applications involving individuals. The reasoning for this is two-fold: firstly, an organization is comprised of and achieves results through people; secondly, in many respects, an organization is a person. By that, it is not meant to say that there is a heart or brain but that the body politique is recognized by law as a separate bodily, aka â€Å"corporate†, entity that is culpable for its actions and to some extent, possesses the cumulative psyche and will of the people that employed by its objectives. This being the case, many of the same rules as apply to individuals should be considered for en masse application to the firm as one is merely contending with a group of individuals. Though the case may be well made for the appropriateness of a psychological perspective in the workplace, as a field of study, psychology is not without its competing factions, each of which asserts either â€Å"truth† or some portion of it. Three such perspectives that figuratively represent the three corners of an equilateral triangle are cognitive, behavioral and humanist (Purcell 1967, p. 231). Each of these, in its pure form, offers a distinct approach, sometimes to the extent to which other approaches are ignored. Despite this, each makes a significant contribution to issues and actors in the workplace. It is with this idea in mind that each will be sequentially examined for the specific contributions and applications while seeking for reconciliation in reality. The Cognitive Approach The cognitive approach is currently a clinically dominant perspective for good reason. It is logical and rational and has many applications. This perspective is grounded on the idea that man is a very clever creature and will seek to make sense of the world around them. As the world presents an vast, literally incalculable amount of information, people are at least somewhat constrained by the concept of bounded rationality which simply acknowledges this state of affairs and the fact that we fail to process (or process correctly) all of this information. As a result, people employ active and passive strategies to reduce the amount of information that they feel needs to be processed by adopting such courses of action as forming pre-conceived notions, assigning stereotypes or labels to people or actions, and adopting patterns of reasoning that are based only on some self-selected information. These simplified constructs or beliefs are then employed as actions to achieve some relief from this processing burden (Hodgkinson 2003, p. 3). This approach is perhaps especially relevant as today’s workplace is widely characterized by information processing and analysis. The information that is captured in the workplace easily exceeds the capacity of the brain so additional tools are utilized such as computers and information management systems. Even so, given the nature of the work and its scale and scope, people often experience anxiety and difficulty at work due to the failure of the person to adapt or implement cognitive information-reducing strategies successfully. Consider the example of the following workplace scenario: Your supervisor assigns a project in which you must demonstrate your ability to manage others efforts against a timeline. One employee is carrying their load. You brief your supervisor on this and, as a result, the employee works late and completes the assignment (Daniels, Harris Briner, 2004, p. 344). In this situation, you likely weighed the potential signal of an inability to manage others by consulting your supervisor against the possibility of failure and the fact that failure would give assurance that you did not have this ability. This example is one in which there is partial information in a situation in which full information would be highly advantageous. It is the cognitive interpretations which lead one conclude the potential of unpleasant personal outcomes that trigger an â€Å"unpleasant affect of work† often manifested as some degree of anxiety (Daniels, Harris, Briner 2004, p. 345). The Behavioral Perspective Prior to elaboration of the behaviorist perspective, it merits noting that psychology, as an endeavor, while interesting, compelling and even useful at times, has perennially been dogged by the issue that it is not a verifiable, quantifiable subject of inquiry (Kimble 2000, p. 208). This is likely due to an overexposure to Freud’s answer to all issues, sexual conflict, as well as simply to the fact psychology is not something that always lends itself to a classical scientific laboratory. This bias against psychology has been overcome by two key factors: statistical rigor and behaviorism. In short, behaviorism posits that all behavior is the consequence of an observable stimulus for which an organism is predisposed to or conditioned to respond. These stimuli can be used to shape and mold behavior and belong to one of four categories below: Reward the application of a positive stimulus to increase response rates Punishment – the application of a negative stimulus to decrease response rates Time Out – the removal of a positive stimulus to decrease response rates Other Reinforcer – the removal of a negative stimulus to increase response rates (Bolles 1979, pp. 121-122). In this paradigm, behaviorism assert that people are rational animals that, for the most part, seek pleasure and avoid pain though, in doing so, frequently consider time horizons in the case that short term pleasures are forsaken. Additionally, beyond the simplified â€Å"stimulus-response† (S-R) paradigm, there exists a scheme of behaviorism labeled â€Å"response-response† (R-R) learning in which the anticipated response is predicted from an early response to a different stimulus (Kimble 2000, p. 208). To illustrate an example of behaviorism in the workplace, consider the following example: You have been with a new department or company for a few months with your previous two positions with a supervisor whose chosen method of performance coaching to belittle someone in department-wide meetings by yelling and other demeaning actions. A department meeting is coming up and you are behind on a project. As the staff meeting approaches you begin to dread it and get a headache and have feelings of worthlessness and incompetence despite being knowing that you can meet or exceeds the projects specifications (Daniels, Harris Briner 2004, p. 344). In this example, it would seem as though you have been conditioned to feel this way. In much that same way that Pavlov’s dogs came to salivate at just the dinner bell as a consequence of learning by the pairing of stimulus and response, your feelings, symptoms and eventual behavior is a result of the anticipation of a punishment-type reinforcer (Bolles 1979, pp. 24-26). The Humanist Paradigm In the way that humanism accepts individual differences, it resembles cognitive theory; in the way that if focuses almost solely on subjective experiences, it is the arch-enemy of behaviorism (Kimble 2000, p. 9). Within the realm of what might be labeled a â€Å"humanist† approach are those perspectives advocated by Freud, Erikson, Adler, Maslow, Frankl and others. Each of these theorists focuses on either the resolution of conflict or the achievement of meaning. Going so far as be labeled â€Å"industrial theology† with regards to the application of this perspective to the work environment, they seek to understand how a person perceives themselves within the situations that work presents. These conflicts often center on values or self-actualization and meaning. As there are several distinct approaches within the broader notion of a humanistic approach, reviewing at least a few major angles is likely to be useful. One such theorist, Erikson, a student of Freud, postulated that individuals develop and progress through various lifestages, each one ideally characterized by the successful resolution of inner conflict of that age. Examples would be the middle-age conflict of â€Å"growth vs. stagnation† and a key childhood stage of â€Å"trust vs. mistrust† (Kets de Vries 1995, p. 9; Gleitman 1986, p. 562). In the same way that a parent is an authority figure, so to is the â€Å"corporation† or its representative and it is reasonable to assume that some of these conflict issues will be need to be reworked as they resurface in the work family. Adler is another theorist in the humanist vein whose work emphasizes the social context of the human condition. In a manner analogous to Erikson’s lifestages, Adler proposed eight levels of social interest ranging from the â€Å"mother-child† relationship to â€Å"God† with the levels of one’s â€Å"community† and â€Å"society† in the middle (Hale 1999, pp. 68-76). By using this methodology, Adler seeks to emphasize that one cannot emphasize the self at the expense of the world and vice-versa, that acceptance and success in life is a achieved by a balance of ego and society and a reconciliation of one’s strength’s and one’s weaknesses (Page 2003, pp. 88, 92). As an example of this, consider the study, though somewhat dated, that a majority of people find their work meaningless (Purcell 1967, p. 232). If it is indeed the cases that what they do is meaningless then, perhaps one can find redeeming value in why they do it: to provide for their family, to â€Å"get ahead† or some other deferment of pleasure or perhaps the acceptance of an imposed position in life. As a segue way from the meaningless of work is the perspective of the humanism are the ideas of theorists such as Maslow and Frankl which both seek to address the issue of values and meaningfulness in work and life. Maslow’s ubiquitous hierarchy of needs positions self-actualization as the highest type of need to be satisfied, being given attention only after lower needs such as food and security are considered (Coles 2001; Hansen 2000, p. 22). In similar vein, Frankl, a concentration camp survivor, indicates that people seek meaning through hardship and that purpose validates the self and your activities (Frankl 1946). Also related to this is Herzberg’s theory of motivation in which he postulate many choices are comprised of two-factors. One category of factor is labeled as â€Å"satisfiers† and are factors that drive positive feelings and beliefs while the other category is labeled â€Å"hygiene† factors in that they are necessary but not sufficient (Pur cell 1967, p. 238). As an example, consider that salary is a satisfier yet â€Å"travel less than 25%† may be a hygiene factor for a certain individual. By this, it is meant that virtually any reasonable sum of money would not be enough to motivate this individual if they must travel approximately 50% of the time. Similarly, by not traveling at all, this person could be not â€Å"dissatisfied† but their low wage prevents real satisfaction also. All together, these provide a rich view of the aims of the humanist perspective and are very salient to understanding behavior and motive in the workplace as in life. Corporate Therapy and Organizational Interventions One of the initial metaphors utilized earlier is that in some ways, an organization is a person. Complimentary if not a substitute line of reasoning is that organizations are of people. If at first psychology was not relevant, it is now. In consideration of the application of each of these approaches, there are number of areas such as selection and hiring practices and performance consulting in which each approach is distinct and unique yet still appropriate. Selection Processes Cognitive – Cognitive ability and intelligence is among the most reliable and validated predictors of job performance (Hodgkinson 2003, p. 10; Dreher Dougherty 2002, pp. 109-110). Behavioral – One method that takes advantage of the R-R learning method the use of behavioral interview techniques that focus on achievement or the ability to do the current job based on the belief of a correlation of past demonstrated ability to the task at hand. This type of interview can be an oral interview, work samples or practices in order to stimulate a response (Dreher Dougherty 2002, pp. 105-107). Humanistic – The use of personality profiles to help assess the fit of the person to the team or company is a frequently utilized humanistic technique (Wasylyshyn 2001, pp. 12, 14-15). Performance Management Cognitive – The distribution, through training, of successful heuristics for handling certain complex tasks can be a means by which new employees are oriented to â€Å"best† methods (Hodgkinson 2003, p. 11). In addition, the use of the Expectancy Theory approach understanding and influencing motivation can be very applicable to creating systems that incentivize performance while Equity theory concerns the rationalization of worker inputs and corresponding outputs. (Dreher Dougherty 2002, pp. 34-35, 42). Behavioral – Behavioral theory, if anything, is straightforward with regards to motivation stating only that one need find the correct reinforcement schedule to achieve the desired results. Humanistic – Programs such as job coaching and consulting as well as job enrichment can both motivate and address performance concerns (Page 2003; Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright 2000, p. 367). Three into One: Towards an Integrated Approach In consideration of each of these approaches, one approach may clearly be the best paradigm to utilize in any specific situation. Despite this, the diversity of experiences to be found in the workplace in conjunction with the diversity of the individuals calls for an approach with a â€Å"back-up† plan if not an outright approach in which all three schools are actively utilized. As an example of a complex workplace situation in which many elements are present in such quantities so as to be readily observable, consider the following adapted and condensed version of real-life organizational drama at B.F. Goodrich (Vandivier 1972): When presented with the opportunity to get the bid on a project to build a aircraft brake assemblies as part of a government contract for a company for which Goodrich has utterly failed with a decade earlier, Goodrich bid to win, hoping to restore trust and capture the profits ‘on the back end’ through subsequent orders and miscellaneous complimentary parts. After winning the bid, the job was assigned to Warren, an experienced brake assembly engineer and graduate of a top engineering program who was notably difficult to approach with anything remotely resembling criticism. Under Warren was Lawson, a young engineer with much less of a pedigree and only one year of work experience. Despite this, he quickly saw the design for this particular project possessed critical flaws that would not only fail to function but in doing so could potentially or perhaps even likely be considered a threat to those in the plane and on the ground. Knowing a flaw to be present and seeking to save the company time and money later though unwilling to approach Warren without more data, Lawson began testing the components at the earliest possible opportunity. These tests confirmed his suspicions and, though Warren began to become aware of the issues, he insisted that the problem lay in the material selection rather that the design. Finding Warrne unwilling to consider the root cause, Lawson took his case to Sink, â€Å"a short, chubby, bald man†, who had worked his was up to a position supervising all engineers from a â€Å"lowly† draftsman position. As such, he was not an engineer yet supervised engineers and despite not being formally so trained, as Lawson presented his case, the truth was likely quite obvious. Also obvious was that if Lawson was correct, then by default, Warren was wrong. If this were the case, then this meant that Sink made an error in trusting Warren and allowing this to occur. Sink’s response was to â€Å"keep testing†¦ it’ll work just fine†. With less than seventy days to flight testing, the mandatory certification of the assembly began to loom. Vandivier, a instrumentation engineer, analyst and technical writer, was called to perform final qualification testing and then to issue the recommendation for certification. Upon noting many â€Å"irregularities† Vanivier consulted Gretzinger, the lab supervisor, who indicated that he had been directed to miscalibrate testing instruments by Lawson who reported that Sink had directed him to do so. Vandivier soon spoke with Lawson who informed him that he would â€Å"soon figure it out† that it went even higher than Sink who had been directed by his supervisor, Van Horn, Manager of Design Engineering. Van Horn had indicated, â€Å"regardless†¦ it will be qualified†. Eventually, it was â€Å"qualified† and failed miserably in flight tests. This began the chain of events that could be termed the â€Å"beginning of the end† in which the final outcome was a major loss of corporate reputation, the redesign of the assembly, a formal inquiry, court proceedings and other predictable consequences. As one considers this tale, though we may not all design aircraft brake assemblies, be engineers or employees of a huge corporation or have millions of dollars or lives riding on our decisions, most of the elements are likely quite familiar. This familiarity comes from the fact that, even though we may not even be employed, the chords that were struck in this tale echo in our lives. Issues such as trust vs. mistrust, conditioned responses and fear of reprisals (aka punishment) and the questioning of what is the meaning of life and what ethics and values are represented in your head, heart and behaviors. The issues that play in our private lives go with us to work†¦ the problem is us, work and home are merely the contexts in which the drama unfolds. In tale of B.F. Goodrich, the issues and conflicts named by each of the three distinct approaches are evident. Cognitive – Sink had the opportunity to stop the issue cold by simply going to Warren and directing him to redesign to the part. A frequent initial intervention in cognitive therapy is to being to question one’s assumptions (Henry 2002, p. 39). Key to this are Sink’s assumptions in which he felt that his discovery and action would reflect poorly on him. Objectively, this is faulty reasoning yet such as strategy was adopted by Sink in an effort to reduce the cognitive demands placed on him. Behavioral – Consider the actions of Gretzinger to miscalibrate the testing instruments in which he is faced with the lesser of two punishments: one certain and immediate, the other deferred and potentially avoidable. Perhaps he had witnessed such a â€Å"test† on others and learned by association. In doing so, Gretzinger’s survival instincts were likely triggered and he simply behaved accordingly. Humanistic – This case is ripe with issues of subjective values and ethics interpretations. In addition, from a psychodynamic perspective, it is certainly implied that Sink perhaps had a bit of an inferiority complex which was reinforced by the overall situation and he had adopted the anecdotal strategy of â€Å"one must go along to get along†. While it seems clear, consider the insight achieved by integrated model that adds richness and understanding as to the how and why events occurred as they did. For example, in the Gretzinger’s instinctual survival behavior, it is quite likely that he also had psychodynamic issues such as inferiority complex in which he felt irrational guilt were he to disobey his corporate â€Å"parent’s† (Gleitman 1986, p. 420-421). Also, consider Sink’s cognitive assumptions and that his behavior could also be understood in the context of behaviorism’s â€Å"learned helplessness† or social learning theory’s deferment of responsibility, aptly illustrated by Milgram’s classis experiments in which â€Å"ordinary† people carried out what they thought were hurtful experiments on another human under the direction of external authority figure (Gleitman 1986, pp. 114-115, 398-401). By the simultaneous consideration of each theoretical perspective, events can be understood with greater clarity but, most importantly, future behavior can be shaped for the benefit of all involved. In this way, processes and policies can be enacted that reduce the psychological conflict in the choices that people feel compelled to make. For example, as the case clearly involved ethical issues, one system that is common is today’s post-Enron society is the establishment of reprisal-free ethics violations hotlines (Behr 2002). Additionally, from a behaviorist perspective, increasing the severity of punishment for ethical violations likely forces the cognitive questioning of one’s â€Å"payoff matrix†. The implementation of modern business process methods ranging from zero-based budgeting to activity-based costing and six-sigma methodology creates a forum in which assumptions are questioned and possible outcomes quantified. Such efforts get at the some of the fruit s of cognitive theory intervention strategies as more information is actively considered, roles and processes are clarified and desired outcomes explicitly stated. Thus, the workplace occurs as a factory, an office, a car, a crowded city of a wide open field. People occur in all varieties, each shaped by both unique and common elements. With the merger of these diversities, psychological perspectives cannot be applied in isolation. Rather, each must be considered and weighed in light of the situational and temporal context of the moment. Thus, in reality, it is not truly unified theory that is desired but an integrated or multidimensional perspective. Without this, the situation is akin the slightly exaggerated anecdote of the person who went to a psychiatrist only to find out that he has mental issues, a visit to a chiropractor to be informed that therapy was recommended and finally a visit to the dentist only to find that he has dental issues as well. The point is that one often is compelled to find what one is looking for and that unless a multidimensional approach is utilized, the potential outcomes are at least partially mitigated by the f ailure to consider life in situ. Works Consulted Behr, P. and A. Witt. (2002, July 28). [Enron]. Accessed online at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/business/specials/energy/enron/. Bolles, R. (1979). Learning Theory, 2nd edition. Harcout Brace Jovanovich College Publishers: Fort Worth, TX. Coles, S. ( 2001, October). â€Å"Satisfying Basic Needs†. Employee Benefits, 4p. Daniels, K., C. Harris, and R. Briner. (2004). â€Å"Linking Work Conditions to Unpleasant Affect: Cognition, Categorization, and Goals†. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (77), pp. 343-363. Dreher, G. and T. Dougherty. (2002). Human Resource Strategy: A Behavioral Reference for the General Manager. McGraw-Hill Irwin: New York, New York. Frankl, V. (1946). Mans Search for Meaning. Washington Square Press: New York, New York. Gleitman, H.(1986). Psychology, 2nd Edition. W.W. Norton Company: New York, New York.Hale, C. (1999, Fall). â€Å"Eight Levels of Social Interest: Adult Development From an Adlerian Paradigm†. AdultSpan Journal (1), 2, pp. 66-78. Hansen, J. (2000, Winter). â€Å"Psychoanalysis and Humanism: A Review and Critical Examination of Integrationist Effort With Some Proposed Resolutions†. Journal of Consulting Development(78), pp. 21-28. Henry, J. (2002). â€Å"Cognitive Science and Individual Development† in in Pearn, M., ed. (2002). Individual Differences and Development in Organizations. John Wiley Sons: West Sussex, UK. Hodgkinson, G. (2003). â€Å"The Interface of Cognitive and Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology†. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (76), pp. 1-25. Kets de Vries, M. (1995). Organizational Paradoxes: Clinical Approaches to Management, 2nd edition. Routledge: London, UK. Kimble, G. (2000, November December). â€Å"Behaviorism and Unity in Psychology†. Current Directions in Psychological Science (9), 6, pp. 208-212. Noe, R., J. Hollenbeck, B. Gerhart, and P. Wright. (2000). Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Irwin: Boston, Massachusetts. Page, L. (2003, Spring). â€Å"Adler and the Profession of Coaching†. The Journal of Individual Psychology (59), 1, pp. 86-93. Purcell, T. (1967). â€Å"Work Psychology and Business Values: A Triad Theory of Work Motivation†. Personnel Psychology (20), 3, , pp. 231-257. Vandivier, K. (1972). â€Å"Why Should My Conscience Bother Me?† in Moss Kanter, R. B. Stein, eds. (1978). Life in Organizations: Workplaces as People Experience Them. Basic Publishers: New York, NY. Wasylyshyn, K. (2001). â€Å"On the Full Actualization of Psychology in Business†. Consulting Psychology: Practice and Research (53), 1, pp. 10-21.

The Concept of Total Warfare :: Papers

The Concept of total Warfare developed in the early nineteenth century due to the economic development and political ideology. Factors that constitute total war 1) The percentage of the population that identifies itself with the war of its nation. i.e the citizens feeling about the conflict, a just war. 2) The percentage of the population and resources that participate in the conflict, in terms of industrial, agricultural and military terms. 3) The percentage of people affected by the conflict, in economic, social and military terms. 4) Common objective pursued by the conflict. Prior to the development of the modern state system, conflict was limited The war of total populations. In the age of total warfare, mass identify themselves fully with the nation's conflict Morally- the righteousness of the conflict in the interest of the nation Empirical - The character of conflict since the Napoleonic period. In the period of limited war, a state or a sovereign has the right to declare war in terms of ethics and law, against those who did not have the moral and legal right to take up arms. Yet one must keep in mind that all just war in the period of limited warfare was ambiguous and was discarded in the nineteenth century as leaders realized conflict to be a instrument of national/ dynastic policy. Conflict was often limited to outmaneuvering the enemy. Prior to the Napoleonic war it was common for a sovereign to use foreign troop's and mercenaries in conflict. e.g British use of German troops in the American war of independence. Even in the Napoleonic wars it was common to see foreign troops to used in conflict. In this period desertion was common not only among individual solders but of entire fighting formations. The French were the fist use conscription in 1793. To safeguard the newly created The First Republic, universal military service was used as a vehicle of nationalism. This was to be a character of modern war. French in the revolutionary war's Prussian and Italian wars of liberation and unifications War by total populations. Conflict in the twentieth century differed from that of the nineteenth century. National liberation and unification to national universalism, the increase in the percentage of the population participation in conflict was enlarged due to the economic changers of the previous decades. Not only did able bodied man had to participate in conflict women,children and the old now had to be used for the purpose of warfare.

Marketing and Buying Decision

Principles of Marketing Principles of Marketing 2012 Name: Robert Barnes Student Number: 21154021 Institution: University of West London Word count: 1455 2012 Name: Robert Barnes Student Number: 21154021 Institution: University of West London Word count: 1455 Table of Contents 1. 0 Introduction2 2. 0 Question 1 3 2. 1 Personality 3 2. 2 Motivation6 2. 3 Conflict6 3. 0 Question 2 8 Bibliography9 1. 0 Introduction The case study I have chosen to cover is â€Å"Breezing out for a night on the tiles†. It discusses the rise of the premium pre-mixed drinks industry between 1995-2000, in particular the Bacardi Breezer brand.It looks at the marketing activity which has taken place and the brand association the marketers aimed to achieve. In this report I will be exploring the buying process involved when purchasing an alcoholic beverage, the influencing factors when making a decision and the role that marketing plays, in these decisions. The definition of marketing is â€Å"The manag ement process which identifies anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitably. † Adrian Palmer 2004 Personality noun (plural personalities)The coon of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character: – Oxford Dictionary 2012 ENTJ Frank, decisive, assume leadership readily. Quickly see illogical and inefficient procedures and policies, develop and implement comprehensive systems to solve organisational problems. Enjoy long-term planning and goal setting. Usually well informed, well read, enjoy expanding their knowledge and passing it on to others. Forceful in presenting their ideas. – Introduction to Type, Sixth Edition by Isabel Briggs-Myers 1998 2. 0 Question 1Q. Give an overview of how the buying decision-making process might work for purchasing an alcoholic drink in a pub or club. How would this differ when purchasing alcohol in a supermarket or off licence? A. The Theory To answer this question we first need to look at the theories in marketing associated to the buying process, influences and behaviours. Diagram 2. 0 is the structure of the buying process based on the â€Å"Cognitive Paradigm† theory (Pickton and Broderick 2001) which focuses on the individuals thought process, during a buying decision.It assumes that the buying decision is approached as a problem solving activity and that the consumer is being rational throughout the process. It is widely used as the default theory by marketers and sales professionals when structuring campaigns. It does not however accurately describe the process that occurs during extreme impulse or irrational purchases, which are both, almost intangible processes. For the purpose of this exercise, we will assume that the responsible purchase of alcohol is approached, both rationally and thoughtfully. Diagram 2. 0 – The Buying Process. Source: Marketing Communications, by John Egan. 2007) Step 1 of the process is the â€Å"P roblem Recognition†. This is the identification of a need, such as â€Å"I am hungry, therefore I need to eat†. It can however be very complex and the consumer may require education or informing before recognising a problem exists, such as a dentist telling you, you need a filling, even though you hadn’t felt any pain in that tooth. Marketers can exploit this step by feeding information to consumers for goods and services, they hadn’t realised they needed. Step 2 of the process is the â€Å"Information Search†.This is when an individual has identified a need but may need to research to find the right solution. For example, if a student identifies a need for a computer, but has a limited budget, he or she might research information to identify the best option for the budget they have. This step can skipped if the consumer has enough knowledge, regarding the possible solutions. Step 3 of the process is â€Å"Evaluation†. This is when more than one option is available to solve the identified need, and the consumer wants to experience these before purchasing. An example would be someone test driving multiple cars before purchasing one.Effectively they will all satisfy the same need, but the consumer wants to know what the experience is, before making the decision. This step can skipped if the consumer has previous experience or is happy with a certain product or service beforehand. Step 4 of the process is â€Å"Decision†. This is simply the final choose for a solution to the identified need, after weighing up all options. Again, a consumer can move directly to this step from â€Å"Problem Recognition† if enough prior knowledge exists. Step 5 of the process is â€Å"Purchase†. This is when the decision is executed and the goods or services are acquired.Step 6 of the process is â€Å"Post-Purchase Evaluation†. This is when you access you satisfaction with your product or service after you have acq uired it. If a great experience is had, it will lead to a higher likelihood that you will purchase that product or service again. Applying the theory Table 2. 0 is an application of the above theory, for an individual going through the buying process at both a club and supermarket. Buying Process Step| Nightclub or Pub| Supermarket| Problem Recognition| * A want to let loose. * A need for confidence. * A desire to fit in or stand-out. An aspiration to impress. | * Alcohol for cooking. * Thoughts of a night in. * A desire to relax and unwind. * Drinks for guests and friends. * Cheap drinks before going out. | Information Search| * Advertisement around the club. * Bottles behind the bar. * Drink & cocktail menus. * What others are drinking. * Peer and/or social pressure. | * The label on the bottle. * Prices and special offers. * Staff knowledge. | Evaluation| * Tasting a friends drink. * Design of the bottle. * Recognition of a brand. | * Description on label. * Design and quality of bottle. Alcohol percentage. * Brand recognition. | Decision| * Information processed and decision made. | * Information processed and decision made. | Purchase| * Majority of exchanges in cash. | * Majority of exchanges by credit card. | Post-Purchase Evaluation| * Did that get me drunk? * Did I like the taste? * Do I want another one? * Did it give me a hangover? | * Did I like the taste? * Was it good value? * Will I buy it again? * Did it get me to the desired level of drunkenness? | Table 2. 0 – The Buying Process of Alcohol in Different Environments.What this application of theory shows, is that there are different factors in play when buying alcohol in a club or pub compared to a supermarket, but the process remains the same. These factors are different mostly due to the environment, information availability, the individual’s intent and marketing strategies. If selling a drink in a club or pub it is more important for your drink to be seen as â€Å"cool† socially and price is less of a factor whereas if selling in a supermarket, your drink needs to be competitively priced yet still demonstrate a level of quality. 3. 0 Question 2 Q.Detail the individual and group influences that are likely to affect someone’s choice of drink brand? A. The Theory Diagram 3. 0 demonstrates the individual and group influencing factors when making a buying decision. Diagram 2. 1 – Factors affecting buying decisions. (Source: Marketing Communications, by John Egan. 2007) Our strongest influences when making a buying decision are our internal beliefs and values. These include Attitude, Perception, Learning, Memory and Motivation. The next in terms of influencing power are Primary Groups. Primary groups are made up of close friends, family and people who you respect.You are affected by these groups by the opinions and values they hold. The next group in terms of influencing power is the Secondary Group. This group is made up of people you know but not closely, or people who you may aspire to be like. Lastly there are influences depending on your Culture, Race or Religion, that will affect your decision when buying something. There are also External factors that include things that are beyond your control, such as Fashion, Law, Time ect. So how do these factors affect someone when buying an alcoholic drink?Well if I was out with my family, I would be unlikely to order shots, as they would not approve, whereas if I was out with close friends, then this would be the opposite. The secondary group has the same effect, but is less powerful in its influence. 4. 0 Question 3 Q. Explain the roles of the various marketing activities described in this case in influencing consumer behaviour. A. In 2000 Bacardi spent ? 14m on a campaign to promote their brand â€Å"Bacardi Breezer†. The reason to do this is to influence people decisions when making a buying decision. Bacardi’s first large campaign was in 1999 when they spent ? 5. 6m.The campaign was headlined with the slogan â€Å"there’s Latin spirit in everyone† aimed at the 18-24 year old market. This campaign was created to give the brand an exotic, cool to be seen drinking appeal and was aimed at the demographic that would most likely be drinking in an environment where these factors we important in their buying decision. This campaign established Bacardi Breezer as one of the major players in the alco-pop industry. Bibliography * John Martin, 2010. Organizational Behaviour & Management. 4th Revised edition Edition. South Western Educational Publishing. * John Martin, 2004. Organizational Behaviour And Management. Edition. Thomson Learning. * Laurie J. Mullins, 2006. Essentials of Management and Organisational Behaviour. Edition. FT Press. * Isabel Briggs Myers, 1998. Introduction to Type: A Guide to Understanding Your Results on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. 6th Edition. Center for Applications of. * Adrian Furnham, 2008. Pe rsonality and Intelligence at Work: Exploring and Explaining Individual Differences at Work. 1 Edition. Routledge. * Stephen P. Robins, 2010. Organizational Behaviour. 1 Edition. Pearson Books. * John Ivancevich, 2010. Organizational Behavior and Management. 9 Edition. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Aviation Flight School

The research focused on the ways in which flight schools can provide a specialized training format that satisfies goals for both professional and recreational pilots. These are unique ways in which, flight schools can achieve flight instruction for students by providing a strong training format that meets the individuals needs. Offering practical and theoretical skills to the students, and ensuring professional instructors. Also the use of modern facilities and equipment for teaching students; with a strong emphasis for FAA standards during all phases of instruction. These are some ideas flight schools should adopt in order to meet needs and demands of their students. Introduction The purpose of the research was to find how flight schools provide unique flight training solutions to meet needs of their students. The research identifies principles that flight schools practice as a school that takes a pilot from never having piloted an aircraft to, â€Å"helping them know when to use their landing lights, transponder, and trim tabs. (Above View FBO [AV], 2008) Learning to fly is one of the dreams of many people; and there are many reasons to learn to fly and most local flight schools can facilitate student’s needs on just about any schedule and desired rating or certification. (G&B Aircraft Management [G&B], 2008) Some may want to learn to fly for recreational purposes while others may learn to fly for a career. Whether as a career, or for recreational purposes in flight operations is one of the more unique areas of flight training in aviation. Students at flight schools can be trained to become commercial pilots or recreational pilots. For the commercial pilot the world of aviation is very much exciting, dynamic and can be very demanding. In order for one to become a professional aviator whom the world can rely and depend on in the future, one has to undergo thorough flight training. Simply attending a flight school is never enough, though it is a basic requirement, one needs to be thoroughly trained before he is given certification. Schofields flying club [Schofields], 2008) For Private pilots aviation is taken as a recreation that provides the student with a sense of freedom, fun, and accomplishment that stays with that person forever. Private pilots also begin with the same detailed training that commercial pilots need. (Schofields, 2008) For both types of students the training environment for flight should be conducive and all tools needed for training should be available in order to ensure a clear understanding. (Scho fields, 2008) Theoretical and Practical Skills The main objective of flight training is to impart airmanship skills on the students, putting in mind the principles of flight, and the ability to safely operate and navigate an aircraft with precision. Training on flight courses covers two areas that are the on-ground theory lessons and the practical training in the air. Students in flight schools are acquitted with a wide scope of knowledge on the areas that are related to flights. (Schofields, 2008) Students learn basic principles of flight, meteorology, flight rules and regulations. Also flight school students are trained in navigation, radio communications, and the aircraft itself. The use of sophisticated instruments, systems, and other equipment ensure that the students have a wide-ranging knowledge on several different areas of operation that relate to aviation. When a student is fully trained, and correctly demonstrates proficiency in these areas, he or she is awarded a certificate to show that they are professionally acquitted with the necessary knowledge and skills for flight. (Schofields, 2008) Availability of Facilities Aviation schools should have FAA flight facilities and equipments at the location of operation. This gives the student an added advantage in that they can access the facilities as they need, and also gives them an opportunity to attend ground lessons, which is a major part of the study. Flight schools tend to use less commercialized airports for training flights this gives students training without the crowded airspace. (Flight Training, 2004) Strong Training Format In order for students to be fully prepared to take off on flights they are subjected to a specialized and strong training format that is followed by the school. Aviation flight schools when training students should train them using modern equipment, and facilities. This will give students the opportunity to learn what is currently used in the field of aviation. When the training is based on new and modern technology the students are in a better position since they can fit in the field. (Flight Training, 2004) Most of the Aviation schools have developed a structured curriculum, which is used to demonstrate various airplane systems which include a complete set of working flight instructions to enhance learning opportunities. They use multimedia services and the Internet to gain more information on the new developments in the field. A proven training system ensures that students are fully trained before they are given certificates to practice flight as a career or for recreational purposes. (Flight Training, 2004) There are many curriculums for a flight school to adopt, in fact some flight schools may have more than one to cater to the needs of their students; such as structured accelerated programs, or a self paced pay as you go open schedule program. (K.  Hansen, personal communication, April 7, 2008) The idea behind a strong training format that a flight school adopts, or develops, is for retention. Not just of students for the flight school, but primarily the student’s knowledge. (J. Gifford, personal communication, April 7, 2008) Emphasis on FAA Standards â€Å"The flight school falls under a variety of Federal Aviation Regulations†¦FAR Part 91 is the basic set of regulations for general flight operations. In addition to that, flight training can be conducted under FAR Part 61, the regulation for flight training or under a combination of FAR Part 61 and 141. (Vincent, 2008) Flight schools are divided into FAA-approved (part 141) and non-approved (part 61) they are usually divided based on the regulations under which they operate. FAA-approved schools â€Å"voluntarily submit their procedures and training to a higher standard of curriculum use, regulation and paperwork in exchange for lower hour requirements prior to a student receiving a flight certificate or rating. † (Vincent, 2008) Also they are periodically audited, this is done to ensure that they follow the laid down training format. Have detailed FAA certified course outlines, the course outlines are detailed and certified to ensure that what is covered in one aviation institution is covered in all other schools. It must meet trainee pilot performance rates to maintain certification. While non-approved (part 61) schools do not have similar requirements, they cater for students who need more flexibility with lesson content and scheduling. (Flight Training, 2004) FAA standards are emphasized in every aspect of learning including equipment maintenance and flight training. This is usually achieved through taking of FAA tests in the classroom at the conclusion of each course, the FAA certified CATS testing program certifies the tests. (Flight Training, 2004) Emphases are put mostly on the fundamentals, and safety of the flights this is usually achieved through ground school courses, which are continually offered to the students. They are used to ensure that they have a complete understanding of the fundamentals. The student pilots are provided with aeronautical decision-making and flight maneuvering skills in order to remain safe under all circumstances. Modernized Facilities and Equipment Today there is a demand by students for the use of newer model glass panel equipped aircraft. Some of the instruments that these aircraft include are uplink NEXRAD weather images, traffic and terrain collision alert systems, autopilots and leather interiors. These are tools that can help students when they are carrying out their practical lessons. (Miller, 2008) However cost is also a concern, newer aircraft cost more to purchase and operate compared to older models. Many flight schools often have a variety of aircraft types to â€Å"offer several options for training and rental purposes. (AV, 2008) However if the student’s needs, and or budget do not allow them to always fly the latest and greatest airplane out there, it is essential for them to know that the aircraft they do fly are safe and properly maintained. Students want to be assured that â€Å"the safety of [their] aircraft is [their] number one priority. † (AV, 2008) Continued Trainings for Licensed Pilots Aviation schools also offer trainings for pilots who wish to advance in their field, receive additional endorsements or ratings, or simply stay current. The hours of operation also run from early morning to late evening, weekdays and weekend training times, which enable even the busiest professional to fit flight training into his schedule. This helps the pilots to gain more knowledge, and continue to keep aviation in their schedules. (Miller, 2008) For many flight schools the idea is not only to teach new students how to fly but to continue to cater to all their students, or customers, needs past, present, and future; to become their one stop shop for aviation. (G&B) Professional Instructors When performing aircraft operations as a student pilot the teaching is done one on one, and students want to know that their flight school has professional instructors who are fully trained and have all the required qualifications for the training that they provide. (K. Hansen, personal communication, April 7, 2008) These instructors are former students themselves that have experience, have demonstrated exceptional skill, and received additional training. Accomplished flight instructors are also personally committed to educating the students one on one and helping them to learn. Flight Instructors are â€Å"pilots who know their way around the cockpit as well as the classroom. † (AV, 2008) Conducive Environment Although parts of the students training involves ground school, and sometimes simulations, the majority of flight training is conducted in the actual real world environment. Because of the uniqueness of this kind of environment it should be a goal of the flight school to make this environment as conducive as possible for learning. Having facilities that the student can access that has similarities to a school and not a rental agency will also help â€Å"provide a personal, comprehensive environment for learning. (AV, 2008) Students should be treated and recognized as an individual, a student, and then a paying customer, not simply as cash flow; by a school that can take â€Å"pride in being able to cater to [students] needs. † (AV, 2008) This motivates the students, fosters learning, and generally establishes long-term relationships with the flight school for the student pilots aviation needs. The students should be equipped with Radio communication skills; this is because radio communications lie at the base of procedural flying. Proficiency in radio communication is fundamental to becoming a skilled procedural pilot. In air communications is an essential tool for all pilots. A student pilot should spend time, and effort to acquire an accurate radio technique. Good radio communication skills are of great value to the student at all aspects, and stages of his flying. Radio communications are designed to satisfy both the formal theoretical needs and the practical needs of all students’ professional and private pilots.

Best Western Organisational Behaviour Essay Example

Best Western Organisational Behaviour Essay Example Best Western Organisational Behaviour Essay Best Western Organisational Behaviour Essay The Best Western organisation is faced with a highly competitive market, on a basic level, greater publicity and awareness of the Best Western brand is the key driving force behind the Managing Director’s decision to go undercover. Best Western has been recently revamped in an attempt to portray itself as a warm and welcoming contemporary chain. A new advertising campaign has been rolled-out at great cost to the company but has made little impact on the problems they face. Best Western has directed its attention to the hotels that form the Best Western group. Efforts are being made to also transform the hotels themselves and align the goals of the work force with Best Western ideology. To see a significant change in the public perception of the Best Western brand attention must be paid to the customer service provided by the individual hotels as opposed to addressing the brand as a whole. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between Best Western and the staff that work on its behalf, more specifically the organisational culture and how the workforce perceives the Best Western organisation. Consideration is also given to the influencing factors behind the behaviours of the staff and the motivational influences within the role. The standard of leadership within Best Western and management of the hotels within the group is analysed and the effects of poor leadership observed. Introduction This report will analyse various scenarios that occurred within the Best Western organisation, relating to its people. The very nature of the chain causes complexities in the way the company integrates with the other businesses that form the group. The behaviour of both the employee and manager will be reviewed and some of the influencing factors discussed. Perception It is apparent from the first hotel observed in the documentary that the Best Western brand and the workforce fronting the organisation do not share common goals. Best Western’s main dilemma is an outdated public perception which is no match for their current competitors. Best Western and the hotels they enlist are somewhat disjointed which is a cause for concern with regards to continuity of service across the UK. Implementing changes from the top has very little impact on the service provided by the frontline. The workforce has little recognition of Best Western and don’t perceive their place of work as part of a larger organisation. Consequently, Best Western has limited control over the service its customers receive; the success of the chain relies heavily on the transformation of public perception. To address the issue at large they must first align the goals of employees with that of the organisation to instil consistency throughout the company. These changes can only be achieved by tackling the shared beliefs of the employees within the company, otherwise known as the ‘organisational culture’. The perception they hold directly correlates to the behaviours they display. It was apparent that the first hotel observed in the documentary perceived Best Western as something of an inconvenience; instead of taking time and effort aligning their premises with Best Western policies and cascading these down to their employees they instructed employees to utilise various methods to fool Best Western inspectors’, therefore resisting change. One particular employee, Michael, was responsible for the Maintenance within said hotel, his views mirrored those of management and he too perceived Best Western as a company who occasionally inspected the premises; his behaviour may be explained by the locus of control, Michael appears to perceive the outcome of his actions as controlled by external factors such as management whom he deems responsible for the poor workmanship being carried out. Michael displayed a lack of loyalty and commitment for the Best Western brand and consequently perceived his own role as insignificant. Perception is important because it has such an enormous impact on organisational behaviour. We cannot understand organisational behaviour unless we understand perception. † (David J. Cherrington. (1994) ‘Organisational Behaviour: The Management of Individual and Organisational Performance’ (Second Edition) pp48) The final hotel involved in the undercover task the Managing Director encounter ed an employee who appeared to enjoy her role in the business, she projected the ideal first impression for customers; warm, welcoming and helpful. The concept of Impression management maintains that first impressions are lasting and a negative first impression is resistant to change. This is also referred to as ‘the primary effect’ (‘Management Organisational Behaviour’ Seventh Edition, Laurie J. Mullins, 2007. pp451) The Managing Director seized this opportunity by choosing her to front the new advertisement campaign. The motivating factors influencing organisational behaviours have a key role to play in the perceptions of Best Western, establishing what motivates an employee can have an impact on the actions you take to change their perception. Motivation There is a stark contrast between the motivational factors driving the Managing Director of Best Western, and those managing the workforce. This becomes clear early in the documentary. The Managing Director immediately makes a conscious decision to identify and address the problems caused by poor moral and a general lack of motivation. â€Å"The underlying concept of Motivation is some driving force within individuals by which they attempt to achieve some goal in order to fulfil some need or expectation. † (Management and Organisational Behaviour, Lurie J Mullins, Seventh Edition P 471, 2005) It can be assumed that for someone in the role of Managing Director, motivating factors are unlikely to mirror those of the employees. The Managing Director is more likely to pursue intrinsic, psychological rewards such as achievement recognition for transforming the Best Western brand, and the appreciation associated therein. Extrinsic factors such as salary, benefits and promotion are insignificant. Maslow’s theory of motivational needs suggests that satisfaction of one need activates the next higher need (Abraham H. Maslow (1943) ‘A Theory of Human Motivation’ Psychological Review 50, pp 370-396) The Managing Director has achieved the highest position in the company- with basic needs achieved psychological needs such as perception of self worth and achievement are likely to be the motivating factors influencing his actions. â€Å"High achievers respond to challenges and strive to achieve goals, money in itself is not the main motivator but rather because high pay is seen as positive feedback and symbolises attainment of goalsâ€Å" (‘Management and Organisational Behaviour’ Seventh Edition, Laurie. J. Mullins, 2007 P487). McClelland’s (1973) theory can be used to portray the underlying needs attributed to this behaviour. This is where a person tries to succeed in what they do, McLelland suggests that individuals with a high need for achievement prefer to work alone and do not like to be dependent on others’ to complete the task – they prefer to take full responsibility for what they do. The Managing Director has assigned himself the task of going under cover in the organisation, it is visible from the program that he likes to take the task in hand to reach a solution, he keen pursue this task alone and had no intentions of delegating. The action taken by the Managing Director to help him achieve his need to succeed have been motivated by the expectation that his actions will meet the desired outcome a greater understanding of his organisation, a solution to the problems the company faces and eventually success in the transformation of Best Western. His choice of action was directly influenced by the expectancy of the outcome A combination of Vroom (1964) Expectancy Theory and Locke (1968) Goal-setting Theory attributed to his behaviour. ‘Introduction to Organisational Behaviour’ Steve Ellie and Penny Dick, 2000, PP45- 50) The contrast in levels of motivation was highly visible in the scenes filmed with the Managing Director and the Maintenance Man, Michael. Michael displayed a complacent and despondent attitude toward his role in the organisation. This was relayed by his lack of motivation. He appeared to find the tasks frustrating, boring and repetitive. â€Å"When a person’s motivational d riving force is blocked they are unable to satisfy their needs and expectations and what is likely to affect on their work performance (‘Management and Organisational Behaviour’ Seventh Edition, Laurie. J. Mullins, 2007 PP 476-478) Mullins suggests that when a person finds they have no motivational influence they will experience withdrawl, apathy and give up on the task. Herzberg’s theory of motivation also addresses this issue and suggests an individual requires a variety of ‘Hygiene factors’ present in any given environment in order to then embark on the various levels of motivational influence toward the task at hand. Hygiene factors merely meet your needs and make you safe and comfortable but will not contribute to personal growth and development that can only come from the nature of your work or task† (Vroom and Deci, 1989). These factors include working conditions, supervisors, relationships and salary. These basic needs were not met in any of the hotels visited. Salaries were very poor with the majority of the employees observed working for minimal wage. The Green keeper and head Housekeeper were highlighted as two individuals on a very low salary. Ironically these were two of the hardest working, long term employees observed which contradicts Herzberg’s theory; Herzberg suggests that the absence of hygiene factors will create dissatisfaction and have an impact on the productivity of the workforce. (‘Introduction to Organisational Behaviour’ Steve Ellie and Penny Dick, 2000, PP43- 44) The Green keeper and Housekeeper are perhaps influenced by more intrinsic factors and work for psychological rewards and social needs given that these particular employees are both directly affected by health issues. The working conditions provided for the Chef encountered in the first hotel were less than satisfactory. This had a large impact on his role and the working hours he was expected to undertake. Although somewhat disheartened by the lack of recognition and lack of extrinsic factors obtained from his position, the Chef also appears to be driven by psychological rewards such as fulfilment and achievement. However, the Maintenance Man is a prime example of Herzberg’s theory. His lack of motivation owing to minimal supervision and no recognition is very apparent suggesting the absence of hygiene factors has directly affected his motivation and productivity within the role. In most cases observes the main problem lay with the lack of management and leadership providing motivation and leadership to the employees. Employees weren’t familiar with any of the Best Western policies and in some cases unaware of whom their direct manager was. Leadership There is a significant problem with the leadership involved in the Best Western case. The relationships held with the individual hotels’ is impersonal with new policies and agendas implemented and left to cascade down to the employees with limited communication. The workforce was oblivious to the transformation and advertisement campaign that Best Western is currently undergoing. Again, it is apparent that Best Western management appear very disjointed from the hotels within its group. The Managing Director appears to operate with a democratic leadership style, involving team members in decision making, and being mindful of the general objectives they are addressing. He displays clear goals for the betterment of the organisation. Overall he displays a strong task-motivated style. He appears to have sound management skills within the Best Western offices but has failed to communicate his objectives to the hotels’ within the Best Western chain. Adair’s (1984) theory of effective leadership suggests leaders must maintain a balance when leading a group in order to achieve success. If a leader concentrates on the task and neglects individual members morale can plummet and the group split. A leader needs to be able to cope with group dynamics† (Rollinson 2008). The ‘group’ in this scenario is the collaboration of Best Western and the hotel’s within the chain. The leader has neglected the hotels within the group and therefore morale has plummeted. The Managing Director clearly recognises this as a problem and in doing so is prepared to work in tandem with staff members to progress against his goals. For example, with one of his priorities at the beginning of his campaign is to promote awareness of Best Western, he later brought in one of the workers he was shadowing – who had previously had very little knowledge of the group – as the new face of the business for ongoing advertising. There appears to be a synergy between making her aware of the Best Western brand and making others aware. This can also represent itself as a reward and recognition for her commitment in choosing her to represent the company. The Fiedler contingency model maintains that that leadership style remains stable across various leadership experiences( Wendy Bloisi (2003) ‘Management and Organisational Behaviour’ pp579. Berkshire: Mcgraw-Hill) However, the Managing Director clearly displayed a task motivated style initially and adapted his leadership role to a relationship-motivated style to suit the circumstances. This balance proved effective in achieving the desired outcome from the employees. Although the Managing Director was not in a position to manage the staff for most of the exercise, he showed sound leadership qualities. He was sociable with the staff and looked to take an interest in their individual circumstances/interests (this was later reflected in rewards he gave to the Green Keeper, House Keeper and Chef) However, he always appeared to work well, and represented a sound work ethic, without trying to impose it on others. This was reflected in his time observing the employee responsible for the Maintenance in the first hotel. The employee made little effort in his role and the quality of the work produced fell far short from the Best Western standard. The Managing Director tried to encourage the employee as opposed to dictate. He commented the work could have been performed better with a little more effort applied. Gratton suggests â€Å"for many people the reality of life in an organisation is that they do not feel they are treated as the most important asset, or that their knowledge is understood or used† (Laurie J Mullins( 2007) ‘Management Organisational Behaviour’ p251) Whilst working undercover with others, the Managing Director gave the impression that he felt the staff should be better valued, and in most cases he later took steps to show that he/Best Western did recognise their efforts, and that they were appreciated. In contrast to the effective leadership traits shown by Managing Director, the leadership at the first hotel appeared to be greatly lacking. There was no participation by the hotel management in the running of the hotel itself, there was no support offered to hotel staff, there was no awareness of the work that was being carried out by individuals, and there was no inspiration being offered or morale being imparted. In the case of the Maintenance man, his productivity was very low under the absence of a leader, and the Chef we observed was working very productively, but in an unreasonable environment, and with low morale. Mullins described the management process as â€Å"achieving organisational objectives within a changing environment, by balancing efficiency, effectiveness and equity, obtain the most from limited resource and working with and through other people† (Naylor, ‘Management Organisational Behaviour’ Seventh Edition, Laurie J. Mullins, 2007. p 195) Both extremes of leadership serve to highlight the importance of this balance. Staff must be managed effectively in order to be at their most productive, and they must be empowered and supported to help obtain the company objectives. Perhaps the Managing Director could have achieved better results had he cemented better relations with the management of the hotels’. â€Å"Leadership is far more effective at delivering organisational goals. If employees willingly follow a leader then their commitment is higher because they have consented to follow the leader. If a manager can act as a leader then it is thought that employee’s efforts can more easily be aligned to organisational objectives† (Rollinson 2008). Direct communication, possibly arranging regular teambuilding events involving the employees would enable employees to identify with the organisation, improving loyalty, commitment and morale in the workforce. This will undoubtedly improve customer relations and have an impact on the transformation of the Best Western organisation. Conclusion Best Western appears to be taking the necessary steps to address the problems they face in the current market. The Managing director displayed sound management skills throughout the documentary. With a clear objective in mind he communicated with employees to establish the factors influencing their behaviour and consequently the factors influencing the antiquated public perception. It is apparent that Best Western employees lack motivation and feel undervalued. Fortunately for Best Western, where they are fall short of meeting employee needs by failing to provide adequate extrinsic factors such as salary, supervision and working condition the intrinsic factors motivating the individuals counteract the problem to a certain extent. The Managing Director took measures to try and create a feeling of harmony between the hotels’ and the Best Western group. He made positive steps toward brand awareness and improving the perception of Best Western in the eyes of the employees he encountered. However, the problems surrounding leadership within the hotels’ did not appear to reach a positive outcome. The majority of employees viewed were impacted negatively by the lack of supervision and management within the hotels. The Managing Director achieved heightened awareness of the organisational culture within the Best Western company which will allow him greater control of the service his organisation provide and in the long term will enable him to update the Best Western name.

Helium Facts (Atomic Number 2 or He)

Helium Facts (Atomic Number 2 or He) Helium is atomic number 2 on the periodic table, with the element symbol He. It is a colorless, flavorless gas, best known for its use in filling floating balloons. Here is a collection of facts about this lightweight, interesting element: Helium Element Facts Helium Atomic Number: 2 Helium Symbol: He Helium Atomic Weight: 4.002602(2) Helium Discovery: Janssen, 1868, some sources say Sir William Ramsey, Nils Langet, P.T. Cleve 1895 Helium Electron Configuration: 1s2 Word Origin: Greek: helios, sun. Helium was first detected as a new spectral line during a solar eclipse, so it is named for the Greek Titan of the Sun. Isotopes: 9 isotopes of helium are known. Only two isotopes are stable: helium-3 and helium-4. While the isotopic abundance of helium varies depending on geographical location and source, 4He accounts for nearly all of the natural helium. Properties: Helium is a very light, inert, colorless gas. Helium has the lowest melting point of any element. It is the only liquid that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature. It remains liquid down to absolute zero at ordinary pressures, but can be solidified by increasing the pressure. The specific heat of helium gas is unusually high. The density of helium vapor at the normal boiling point is also very high, with the vapor expanding greatly when heated to room temperature. Although helium normally has a valence of zero, it has a weak tendency to combine with certain other elements. Uses: Helium is widely used in cryogenic research because its boiling point is near absolute zero. It is used in the study of superconductivity, as an inert gas shield for arc welding, as a protective gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals and producing titanium and zirconium, for pressuring liquid fuel rockets, for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as a cooling medium for nuclear reactors, and as a gas for supersonic wind tunnels. A mixture of helium and oxygen is used as an artificial atmosphere for divers and others working under pressure. Helium is used for filling balloons and blimps. Sources: Except for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element in the universe. It is an important component in the proton-proton reaction and the carbon cycle, which account for the energy of the sun and stars. Helium is extracted from natural gas. In fact, all natural gas contains at least trace quantities of helium. The fusion of hydrogen into helium is the sources of a hydrogen bombs energy. Helium is a disintegration product of radioactive substances, so it is found in ores of uranium, radium, and other elements. Most of Earths helium dates back to the planets formation, although a small amount falls to Earth within cosmic dust and some is produced via beta decay of tritium. Health Effects: Helium serves no biological function. Trace amounts of the element are found in human blood. While helium is considered to be non-toxic, it displaces oxygen so inhaling it can lead to hypoxia or asphyxiation. Fatalities from inhaling helium are rare. Liquid helium is a cryogenic liquid, so risks include frostbite from exposure and explosion from expansion if the liquid is stored in a sealed container. The mixture of helium and oxygen (heliox) can cause high-pressure nervous syndrome, however the addition of nitrogen can remedy the issue. Compounds: Because a helium atom has a valence of zero, it has extremely low chemical reactivity. However, unstable compounds called excimers can be formed when electricity is applied to the gas. HeH is stable in its ground state, but it is the strongest known Bronsted acid, capable of protonating any species it encounters. Van der Waals compounds form with cryogenic helium gas, such as LiHe. Element Classification: Noble Gas or Inert Gas Usual Phase: gas Density (g/cc): 0.1786 g/L (0 Â °C, 101.325 kPa) Liquid Density (g/cc): 0.125 g/mL (at its boiling point) Melting Point (Â °K): 0.95 Boiling Point (Â °K): 4.216 Critical Point: 5.19 K, 0.227 MPa Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 31.8 Ionic Radius: 93 Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 5.188 Heat of Fusion: 0.0138 kJ/mol Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 0.08 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 2361.3 Lattice Structure: Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.570 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.633 Crystal Structure: close-packed hexagonal Magnetic Ordering: diamagnetic CAS registry number: 7440-59-7 Quiz: Ready to test your helium facts knowledge? Take the Helium Facts Quiz. References Meija, J.; et al. (2016). Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). Noble Gases. Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4. Return to the Periodic Table

Revisiting Wether, Incidence and Different Than

Revisiting Wether, Incidence and Different Than Revisiting Wether, Incidence and Different Than Revisiting Wether, Incidence and Different Than By Maeve Maddox wether/whether In researching the recent song lyrics post, I came across a comment written by a high school sophomore. (For the information of non-American readers, a high school sophomore is 15 or 16 years of age.) The student said she was writing a research paper on the influence of song lyrics. I certainly hope she looks up the spelling of the conjunction whether before she finishes her assignment; she used it four times in her comment, each time spelling it wether. wether (noun): a castrated ram. whether (conjunction): one use is to introduce an indirect alternative question expressing doubt or choice between alternatives. More at â€Å"Wether, Weather, Whether.† incident/incidence NPR (National Public Radio) announcers are a rich source of nonstandard English. On a recent morning I listened to Sam Sanders report on a pediatrician who prescribes exercise to his overweight patients. One of the doctor’s techniques is to encourage patients to visit local parks. Sanders mentioned that safety is a concern. He said that one of the parks, Kingman Island, â€Å"had 30 incidences of violent crime over the past year.† The erroneous use of incidences for incidents was cleaned up in the transcript, but it can be heard in the audio (3:33). incident (noun): something that occurs. incidence (noun): the range or scope of a thing; the extent of its influence or effects. For example, â€Å"The incidence of poverty among  the aged has consistently been higher than for any other age group in the United States.† More at: †It’s Not the Ox-Bow Incidence† different from/different than/different to A reader asks, â€Å"Is the correct usage ‘different to’ or ‘different from’? Different to seems very common (almost universal), but surely the essence of difference is separation, not convergence, so isn’t ‘different from’ correct?† This question comes up frequently, often with angry attacks on speakers who use the â€Å"wrong† phrase. Of the three, â€Å"different from† is by far the winner on the Ngram Viewer. â€Å"Different to† is heard more frequently in Britain than in the United States. â€Å"Different than† has its American defenders, but the AP Stylebook comes down firmly for â€Å"from, not than.† The Chicago Manual of Style is less dogmatic, but does say, â€Å"The phrasing different from is generally preferable to different than.† More at †Different from, Different to, Different than.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsThe Possessive ApostropheRite, Write, Right, Wright

Dangerous and Natural Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dangerous and Natural Energy - Essay Example The states located on the Western parts, especially be the sea are high risk areas. California, Nevada, and Washington are the highest risk states. The farther East an individual goes in the United States, with the exception of the red area on the Tennessee border, the less likely of an earthquake occurrence. Texas, Florida, Minnesota, North Dakota, Wisconsin and Michigan have the lowest chance of having a major earthquake in the next fifty years. The earthquakes around the world on http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/ show a pattern of earthquakes near coastlines or on islands for the past seven days. Interestingly enough the red area just inside of the Tennessee border had a 2.8 earthquake within the past week. My decision to live in Tennessee has nothing to do with the chance of an earthquake, so I would be willing to live in a red zone for the right reason such as a job, new relationship, or whim. Every area on the earth has natural disasters. An individual cannot escape the threat of a natural disaster. If I had to live in one of the red areas on the map, I would educate myself on everything earthquake. I would look at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/faq.php?categoryID=14 to find earthquake facts. This is the USGS website on earthquake safety. The first step would have necessary supplies on hand. The USGS recommends to have the following supplies: According to http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php two of the most recent earthquakes were in Shaanxi and Pakistan. The earthquake in Shaanxi ranked 8 on the Richter scale. The earthquake in Pakistan ranked a 7.6. The power of science to control or predict earthquakes is weak. Scientists can predict and measure an earthquake, but since they can happen anytime during various times scientists have no real power over earthquakes. A Seismograph machine, an Analogue Recorder, computers, transportation, and other

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) - Case Study Example Some information on Karen available to Dr. Banks before undertaking psychotherapy is outlined below. Karen left her parental home at the age of 18 after graduating from high school and took up residence in lodgings in the neighboring county. She found work as a waitress at a local diner. Just a few weeks after finding work, she married George whom she had met while at work. A very controlling and violent man, George dominated Karen in what seemed to be a repetition of the conditions under which Karen grew up. Her father had been violent and sexually abusive from the time she was six years old. As she grew older (13) her oldest brother continued the sexual abuse, until her other brother, nearer to her in age, put a stop to it. She was 16 at the time. Â  George, her husband, would be nice to her on rare occasions, taking her out to dinner and dances, and would compliment her on her good looks. George proved to be a very jealous husband and forced her to give up work. She was virtually kept prisoner confined to the house. Even with the occasional beatings, and not knowing any better, she put up with it and appeared to accept the situation as ‘normal’. Unfortunately, George died in an accident barely three years into their marriage. Karen was devastated. She had been totally dependent on him. He had created, as it were, both the center and the boundaries of her universe. She was diagnosed a clinical depressive and underwent psychiatric hospitalization. Since then, over the past 15 years, until the time she came under the psychotherapeutic care of Dr. Banks, she had been hospitalized at least on 10 more occasions. During that time she had been in the care of at least nine different psychotherapists, psychiatrists, socia l workers, and psychologists as an outpatient, one of whom were to abuse her sexually. Â  

Assignment 03 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

03 - Assignment Example The clause will legally bind the employees from releasing confidential company secrets other than in compliance with legal obligations in a court of law or statutory duty. In addition, the employees should not disclose information to anyone who has not signed a non-disclosure agreement with the company, failure to which the company will take legal action against the employee for breach of contract (Brewer 12). According to Brewer, assault is the threat to harm with the apparent ability to do so (74). Battery involves the harmful touching of an individual. In the case above, it is an assault case since the fake punch B took on A qualified as a threat to punch. In addition, B had the apparent ability to punch A due to their close proximity in the car. False Imprisonment is the act of restraining a person from free movement, either through physical force, a failure to release and physical barriers. For a false imprisonment charge to hold in a court of law, the act must be unlawful and must be against the will of the plaintiff. In addition, there must be force or threat to force. However, in the case between A and B, there is no false imprisonment since A has valid proof of cause for the alleged imprisonment; B was drunk and his life would have been in danger from the bears and witches. The sheriff should arrest B on drunk and disorderly charges (Brewer 23). Comparative Negligence is a law implemented in accident cases to ascertain responsibility and damages in proportion to the level of negligence of all the parties involved in the accident. In order to calculate the damages, two approaches are used: ii. Modified Comparative Negligence- The plaintiff is barred from recovering any damages if he is more responsible for the accident or equally responsible. Therefore, so as to recover damages, the plaintiff must have been less responsible for the accident. The law of Duty to Mitigate occurs when an individual suffers a loss due to a breach of

Nature of perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nature of perception - Essay Example This is because people of different background and orientation have to work together towards certain goals. Therefore an understanding of behaviour as displayed by individuals will help ensure that work is done with less friction and in turn increase workers productivity and effectiveness. Managers, by the proper use of this analytic tool can develop good working relationships with their subordinates when the outcome of the analysis is applied. In truth this analysis is largely psychological with the motive to understand human behaviour. A proper understanding of human behaviour in organizations produces an environment wherein the employees carry out their duties efficiently and naturally too. An improper understanding on the other hand produces an environment where employees do only work assigned to them without discretionary inputs from them. While most managers believe that behaviour is a resultant effect arising from inherent personality traits and motivation, it may be accurate to say that behaviour is a function of the work environment that encompasses leadership styles, management systems, social environment not forgetting workplace facilities and tools. The perception of many managers is that personality controls the behaviour, but it is important to note that there is a distinction between "who a person is" and "what a person does" because it creates a moral burden where an employee does not perform and this non-performance is erroneously attributed to his personality. There are various definitions and interpretations for inherent personality traits, a situation that makes it imperative to objectively define behaviour in terms observable features. It reduces the complexities involved in dealing with personality issues and helps keep focus on the processes and their outcomes. A lot of ease is experienced via this approach because attention is slotted to problem identification and solution, a case in which employees are more relaxed to discuss issues more objectively. On the other hand things are made more complex when the focus is on changing an employee's personality and motivation. A positive approach to perception in the behaviour analysis field is to focus more on the performance on employee by superiors. This is best viewed from the angles of the work processes and results. Managers that involve their subordinate in talks about the line of direction of an organization and listens to them before taking actions and up being well liked. A healthy work environment is promoted in this atmosphere. It is very important to understand the reasons why employees behave in certain views. This understanding ultimately aids in the quiet to change consequences translating also in behavioural changes. A proper application of this understanding will help improve performance and yet enhancing cordial relations in the process. Negative approaches that include constant nagging and reminders will only produce. Superficial changes that do not stand the test of time. Furthermore the wrong perception by employers or superiors breeds mediocrity as a result of organizational barriers like poor management and leadership practices. The fact that perception

Effect of laptop or desktop access on student electronic educational Essay

Effect of laptop or desktop access on student electronic educational interaction - Essay Example Several researches have been conducted to determine the effect of use of computers on teachers’ student interaction and student interaction. In one such a survey where the teachers were interviewed, it was observed that the use of computer has improved interaction and learning in general. Moreover, with the use of computers and internet, the students and the teacher can interact beyond the classroom setting (Balaji &Diganta 2010). This creates more time for learning unlike previously where interaction between the student and teachers was limited to the classroom timetable (Mouza 2012). This enables them to learn at their own pace and improves the level at which they grasp concepts. It is also easy for the teacher to identify individual weaknesses that when teaching a whole group (Shyu & Huang 2011). This makes it possible to attend to the individual students need making learning more meaningful. In comparing the use of computer with previous instances when there was no use of computers, the teachers reported to have become fully engaged in learning. Because of the increase accessibility to information, they teach each other as each contribute to the knowledge they have gained on any particular topic (McLaren 2011). They also reports that the use of internet creates a lot of excitement and they use the different forums available to discuss academic matters unlike previously when they used to work individually. Moreover, since the students mostly interact through written language, it has become easier to exchange coherent information. This is because unlike giving oral presentation, writing involves processing information in the head giving more refined assertions. The effect of access of laptop on student interaction is the same for both sexes. Both boys and girls have reported that they are fascinated by studying using the internet. . However, accessibility alone is

COMMUNITY PROFILE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

COMMUNITY PROFILE - Essay Example This paper delves into one specific region that has been put on the spot for the threat the people are facing, especially when it comes to the aspect of physical inactivity. It also strives to bring out some of the factors that influence different characteristics of members of this population, and how their health status might be affected due to some of the mentioned factors. Factors that influence their health will also be mentioned, giving rise to the morbidity factors, and the risks to which most of them are exposed. The aim of this paper is to examine some of the behavioral traits that exist in this population, and why the proportion of adults in the region participating in physical activity is low. In so doing, it may be possible to identify factors that may improve these numbers. The population that is under study is London Borough of Hillingdon, where it is believed that the average proportion of individuals who participate in physical activity is less than the average of England. This region is of interest because it is said to be among the greenest cities in the world. This is amazing considering the statistics that show of the inactivity levels displayed in relation to the individuals in this society (DH 2012). One might be forced to think that living in such an environment would make people choose a healthier lifestyle, but studies indicate otherwise. Adults and children are not spending an average of 3 hours a week on physical activity, which should be a cause for alarm. Children alone, on average, should have at least 60 minutes per day of physical activities that help prevent some of the health problems that may arise (Long et al. 2009). Current statistics indicate that at least one in six deaths occurs as a result of physical inactivity, and this ma kes this issue as immense as smoking. It is also interesting to note that this

Effect of laptop or desktop access on student electronic educational Essay

Effect of laptop or desktop access on student electronic educational interaction - Essay Example Several researches have been conducted to determine the effect of use of computers on teachers’ student interaction and student interaction. In one such a survey where the teachers were interviewed, it was observed that the use of computer has improved interaction and learning in general. Moreover, with the use of computers and internet, the students and the teacher can interact beyond the classroom setting (Balaji &Diganta 2010). This creates more time for learning unlike previously where interaction between the student and teachers was limited to the classroom timetable (Mouza 2012). This enables them to learn at their own pace and improves the level at which they grasp concepts. It is also easy for the teacher to identify individual weaknesses that when teaching a whole group (Shyu & Huang 2011). This makes it possible to attend to the individual students need making learning more meaningful. In comparing the use of computer with previous instances when there was no use of computers, the teachers reported to have become fully engaged in learning. Because of the increase accessibility to information, they teach each other as each contribute to the knowledge they have gained on any particular topic (McLaren 2011). They also reports that the use of internet creates a lot of excitement and they use the different forums available to discuss academic matters unlike previously when they used to work individually. Moreover, since the students mostly interact through written language, it has become easier to exchange coherent information. This is because unlike giving oral presentation, writing involves processing information in the head giving more refined assertions. The effect of access of laptop on student interaction is the same for both sexes. Both boys and girls have reported that they are fascinated by studying using the internet. . However, accessibility alone is

Great Expectations Paper Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Paper Essay When an individual loves someone else, it is difficult to let the person go or accept his/her return, because of the poor decision that one person made to leave his/her loved one. However, since the person already left, is it worth the pain and agony in the end to accept that person into the hurt individual’s life once again? In his Victorian Literature novel, Charles Dickens satirizes the Victorian Era multiple times within Great Expectations. For example, in the 1800’s the masculine class were the regulators of the family and weren’t aggravated by women, but in this novel the females obtain the upper position, like how Mrs. Joe overpowers Orlick. Charles Dickens named the novel Great Expectations, because its means that an individual is positive that something significant will occur with no warning if the individual wants it bad enough, but in English Victorian society, achieving expectations meant that someone was destined to collect vast sums of riches and success. Throughout Pips three stages in the novel Great Expectations, Charles Dickens utilizes the character of Joe, who out of compassion and sympathy demonstrates that suffering is a sacrifice one is willing to endure for the love of another individual, and how this idea changes what Pip’s views, personality, and values are at the end of his high expectations. During Pip’s first stage of expectations, Joe explicates that he suffers greatly because of Orlick, Mrs. Joe and Pip, but only wishes to steer Pip in the right direction and to have given enough ‘love’ to change Pip’s views and expectations. First, Orlick takes Joe by surprise when he starts to get angry and jealous of Pip and tells him â€Å"No favoring in this shop. Be a man!(15.65), but because Joe wants no trouble he lets him have the day off which makes Mrs. Joe terribly angry. Additionally, when Orlick offends Mrs. Joe, Joe defends her even though she was mad at him, because he loves her and is willing to suffer through Orlicks harsh words. Pip’s troublesome behavior at the table is brought to attention when Joe states, â€Å"You and me is always friends, and Id be the last to tell upon you, any timeBut such as a most uncommon bolt as that!†(2.8) Pip’s actions got Joe in trouble while he was trying to help Pip, because the helpfu l advice made Joe ignore Mrs. Joe and which made him have to face consequences such as being â€Å"pounced on† and â€Å"knocked [in] his head for a little while against the wall behind him† (2.8). Also, it expresses how Joe dealt with Mrs. Joe’s and Pip’s spiteful behavior all because he cared for them and was compassionate to all people. Pip’s behavior shows readers that as a child he didn’t have any expectations but eventually set the bar higher which was not what Joe truly wanted to happen. This helps readers understand how having sympathy and a good heart doesn’t always payoff at first, but latter lets people become the best of friends in the long run, like Pip and Joe. While sitting by the warm fire at night Joe explains to Pip that â€Å"When [he] got acquainted with his sister, it were the talk how she was bringing him up by hand†¦. [And] how small and flabby and mean he was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and how he â€Å"†¦would have formed the most contemptible opinion of himself self!† (7.38) which makes Pip start to cry because he felt ashamed by how he acted, but grateful that Mrs. Joe and Joe stayed with him. At that time Pip, a commoner, didn’t care about anyone and just wanted to do what he wanted, although it made him look bad and unkind. In the long run Pip’s disobedient attitude and Joe’s loving heart was worth it because he and Joe became best friends which was held together by a strong bond of love. Lastly, Joe was affectionate and loving towards Pip even when Pip was cruel to him which shows readers the sacrifice Joe endured with Pip. The forfeit Pip watched Joe go through changed him because it made him want to do something more and become someone higher who wont have to deal with pain and sacrifice. In conclusion, Pip starts to change into the gentleman he wants to become while Joe is still remaining at is side, longing for his ‘old chap’. During Pip’s second stage of his expectations Joe sacrificed his dignity and friendship for Pip, because he felt sympathy towards him which makes readers wonder if Joe gave Pip enough ‘love’ to not make him leave his dear friend, Joe, and change his personality. To, begin, Joes love is tested and questionable when he tells Pip, â€Å"But if you think as Money can make compensation to me for the loss of the little child†¦and ever the best of friends!(18.116). Pip is shocked by how much he means to Joe, but still but doesn’t see how much Joe really loves him. Pip deserts Joe â€Å"whom he was so ready to leave and so unthankful to†(18.115), and thinks to himself â€Å"I’ll see you again†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and â€Å"I’ll feel the loving tremble of your hand upon my arm, as solemnly this day as if it had been the rustle of an angels wing! †¦ â€Å"(18.115), which proves that Pip has not realized that this decision makes Joe sacrific e and suffer all the more. Furthermore, Joe had to scornfully respect his decision to leave and become a gentleman and bear the loneliness while he was away, but still loved him and waited for when Pip realized he should go back to Joe. Moreover, Pip changes his view on his future when Joe explains that â€Å"Divisions among such must come, and must be met as they come†¦ You and me is not two figures to be together in London; nor anywhere else but where is private, and beknown, and understood among friends.†(27.246) Likewise, when Joe is in London with Mr. Wopsle he wants to put pity on Pip and explain to him that they are different people in separate worlds and he wants to show Pip how it hurts when people leave their loved ones. Joe thinks he has sacrificed enough and wants Pip to come back, but now Joe realizes that they are separate people with different expectations. Additionally, Pip and Joe are still great friends; however their breaking relationship hurts Pip and makes him want to restart his life and be with Joe, but he still stays a gentleman. All in all, Joe leaving Pip just as Pip did to him, once again creates Pip to think differently and regret some of his decisions in the past. Throughout Pip’s final stage of expectations, Joe’s compassionate attitude is expected to make Pip change his values and stop Joe from suffering, but makes Joe ponder if he gave Pip enough sympathy to make him come back to him. Firstly, after Pip’s benefactor, Magwitch, dies Pip starts to become ill and also gets arrested because of his debt. While sitting back at his house Pip starts to realize that he always has someone there for him, Joe, and expresses his regret by saying â€Å"O Joe, you break my heart! Look angry at me, Joe. Strike me, Joe. Tell me of my ingratitude. Dont be so good to me!†(57.388). This statement said by Pip when Joe is by his side, expresses the point that even though Pip did wrong, Joe will always be there to comfort him and make him feel better, and that Pip thinks he should not be treated good by Joe at this point. Furthermore, Pip now understands, â€Å"There was no change whatever in Joe. Exactly what he had been in my eyes then, he was in my eyes still; just as simply faithful, and as simply right†(57.389), which proves that the compassion from other individuals do change peoples values and outlooks on all things in life and expectations. Likewise, Pip appreciates that Joe was faithful to him even though endures suffering because of his high expectations and dire choice to be a gentleman. Moreover, since Pip â€Å"†¦soon began to understand that the cause of it was in [him], and that the fault of it was all [his].†(58.395), he started to feel for his dear friend Joe, again as he once did and wanted to have never of met his benefactor that lead him to leave Joe. This connects to the main point because it finalizes how love is stronger then the pain someone causes another person and how it can shape an individual in different ways. Additionally, when the shameful Pip says, â€Å"Dont tell him, Joe, that I was thankless; dont tell him, Biddy, that I was ungenerous and unjust; only tell him that I honored you both, because you were both so good and true, and that†¦ I said it would be natural to him to grow up a much better man than I did.(59.404), it shows Joe and Biddy how much Pip is truly sorry for the choice he made and, reluctantly, they responded with, God knows as I forgive you, if I have anythink to forgive!(59.404). All in all, Joe’s compassionate and sympathetic heart pays of and lets him forfeit no more, which proves the point that suffering is a sacrifice one is willing to endure for the love of another individual even if the other person doesn’t see the good you are doing until the end. In conclusion, all of the suffering and sacrifice Joe endures, because of much love and compassion he has for others in Great Expectations did prove to make his ‘dear old chap’ Pip reconsider his views, personality and values towards life and his own expectations. The significance in this novel is that sacrificing yourself out of sympathy is a step anyone should be willing to take to have an even stronger bond within the relationship. The idea of sacrifice and suffering for another individual is in the real word, like how a mama bear feeds her cubs before herself, because she cares for them, and just like how Joe suffers and hates being away from ‘his cub’ Pip. All in all, without sacrifice and suffering people won’t have as much compassion for each other and would not endure the pain if they didn’t truly care for them.