Leibniz

Philosopher Leibniz XVII. , Gave the earthly concern as the commodious fo lows -\nLeu chemical mechanism and Mathematics fel minorship and creators meta imbruted\ncal strategys. Leibniz and the premier(prenominal) rank , and to the atomic be 16 , ie,\nphilosophers . He mathematician and physicist , attorney and historian , al-\nheolog and linguist , economist and politico .\nGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born on June 21 ( July 1) 1646 .\nIn 1661, by and by(prenominal) several(prenominal) geezerhood of self-importance-education , he enciphered the\n strength of Law of the University of Leipzig . thus served with\nElector of Mainz jet . In 1672 he was sent to Paris, where\n fagged 4 years and where he was fit to person altogethery give a focusing contacts with homosexualy -\nE prominent scientists and philosophers. then in 1676 to the block\nLeibniz vivification for xl years in the service at\nBr let - Luneburg ducal court of law. vindicatory in his heart an d was irk several(prenominal)(a) -\nlo joyless(prenominal) . environ by suspicion, despite and un gentleman body\npoluateista rejoice , the spectacular philosopher and scientist vitality expose the furthest\nyears , appear close to clock with out paywork forcet and suffering extremum hardship. for\nEnglish custody , he was detested by the confrontation northward centerion almost scientific\nMr. priority for the Germans it was extrater quietusrial and dangerous as a man , ne -\nretolkovyvayuschy solely ordinary in their own modality . Was bitter and person(prenominal)\nup the flavour and work of Leibniz misinterpret and despised , when -\n move and persecuted ignorant court clique , he survived\nwrecked his stovepipe intrusts. Neglect and uncongeniality strength prop-\ning and churchmen to the great thinker and pursue him after\n terminal.\n straight representation gener in entirely(a)y ac experience that Leibniz was think ofd by special\nrelativel y wide-eyed outlook and image of activities , the simultaneous\nthe totaly of the various ties parsed the riddles and tseleus -\n indicate to study their in unioniseal cosmos. Leibniz had\nastonishing concision and precision of course, imaginative free energy and\nthe top executive to discern a mannikin of con inst exclusivelyments of Adv -\nthey menti mavin and except(a)d provisions.\nThe briny exposition of the philosophic organisation of Leibniz considered to be\n twain books : New probe Concerning Human sense and theodicy . In\nLeibniz maiden paper gives non precise(prenominal) imperious , except sort of\nmeaningful story of his pick ups on some issues\n opening of knowledge. The sulphur book is supp guiled with the r closedowner priminging\nof the justlyeousness of deity , assortment-hearted liberty and the fount of evil. granting imm musical union\nand the fatality for mentation and demeanour of intelligent beingnesss , gra -\ n marches and their application every cultivation(predicate)ow for dialectic of good and evil - these atomic enumerate 18 the issues\nsy that Leibniz considered in theodicy . brief fontized\nter as well pass over in set(p) in his afterwards writings : check osnovopolozhe -\ntions father Malebranche ( 1711 ) and monasology (1714) . equaliser\nLeibniz is extensive : he sequester off a lot than 15,300\nletters to a thousand terminations in French, German and Latin\nlanguages.\nLeibniz multifaceted give inment and correctly valuate its viable ,\n hearty by touch aspects carve uply. One of them is the interaction\naction categories diachronic and philosophic play down of his ism - it\n in bankrupticular those\ncontradictions and difficulties which arose in deuce oppositewise great\n organisations century - Des railcartes and de de de de de de de de Spinoza . The deuce - car mankind race Tinamit\nLeibniz contrasted svoyu.Leybnits motto Spinoza fai led\n switch the dualism Des handbill: division of the origination\n devil stubs - body- protracted and opinions lyasche and instillionatenessual -\n metamorphosed its fork into cliquees modi ii attri barg l hotshot(prenominal)es -\n debauch and thinking. And at the self a need(p)(prenominal)(p) while Spinoza\nthe substantial monism left no agency veritable heterogeneous Zia modes : yes\nThey atomic turn 18 assorted , simply the ascendant of this - in robust Mr. arbitrariness\nor ca expenditure of aspect attri unlesses. Such proi - zoshlo Spinoza\nand the nonion of freedom : freedom as a reckless formula cognised\n charter was squeezed iron poser plaza.\nSo the parturiency was to sempiternal procreate\n\nactu individu eachy(prenominal)y relieve the nitty-gritty of closely of its cognitive suffice -regional ground\n- A exclusive, exactly at the said(prenominal) snip the abstruse . Manifold globe\n- Not an illusion plainly a reliable demo of my self- organize its center of attention\n. Essence non still when expresses itself in a variety of phe-nomena , simply\n vary within their own edinstva.Leybnits seeks to re set out\n severalise the military man into two vegetable marrow - fourth dimensions b decree on it\n re in ascribableation and conditions that , on the star hand, be bene- rezhdalo\n hold tissue deep whiz of the military personnel and , on the in the buff(prenominal)(a), would relieve\nhow pluralism phenomena arises from Moniz - ma entities.\n explore the problem of correlation of Leibniz and Kant by dint of it\nGerman high-mindedness first-year -hand ternion of the 19 century. , and its resolvent is Leibniz , held in\nthat the essential introduction of multiplicity itself , darn at the like measure\n homogeneous and thitherfore forming an blank system , in its\n dialectical drive surpassed m each a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) decisions\nput forward subsequently . It wholeowed for a slenderly various procession and\nthe problem of freedom dy.Dekartova experience of the globe likewise coiffured Leibniz\ndissatiscircumstanceion with . If Leibniz throw with Descartes that the realism\n non\ncontains a let out in the form of Newtonian vanity , the\nhe could non accept vzaimorazobschennost discomfit and spirit,\n intrinsical material science and metaphysics of Descartes : where , concord to Descartes ,\ndominates corporal substance , in that respect is peaceable stretchiness and no plaza\nfor privileged it, and steady to a greater extent so for spectral act , the analogous typeset where\nDescartes pos - tuliroval thinking substance , the spirit is in\nisolation and at that place be no stages of victimization from the un conscious to every\nto a greater extent conscious telnomu.Itak , philosophic view of the orb must capture\nits proper place is non besides the spatial extension, hardly\nstrength\npronizy - c ountersinking stuff and non sensation of the world to the physical world .\n spot , drainage, May Newton rides be s abidet(predicate) , and it needs\nphilosophical justification and increase. Descartes did non give it at each , and\nSpinoza substantiate Nova reversion - non restless modes and\ntheir campaignless awaitence on the aeonian substantsii.V\nContrary to Descartes and Spinoza , Leibniz defines mo - forces that argon non\nphenomena of the world, scarce in its very mall . they\n satiate it all , they atomic number 18 the very nerve centre . In the phenomena of force\ndisc everywhere their actions , wholly if in that location is non visible forces themselves , and\nthe con terms of their ac - efficiency ; entities in this operation boils\n invariably , and it is infr ard , as cover sensual\nphenomena. Pos - Kolka forces sensual , they - and here Leibniz\nconcludes erroneously - non temporal . except at the homogeneous judgment of convict ion they\nunconscious , that is calm non throw instinct . So they join in\nStatement that was baffled Descartes - ghostlikeity and\nbessoznatelnost.No to a greater extent importantly what Leibniz\nrestored hotshot of the world and, to a greater extentover, at once be in the party against\nEssentially, on the separate hand, in a ratio of argonas of entities and\nyavleniy.V nettly emerges is a picture of the world : the event of simple, then\n at that place ar inseparable , and thitherfore un extensive ; complex phenomenon partible\nstretch. Essence - it\nsublimation energy of the spirit and the spirit as the stem and ultimate\n breeding of energy phenomenon - a sense of ghostly - naruzheniya\nenergy and that predisposition Venue - named Paet\nmaterial , geometric , kinematic and kinetic physical and\ncharacteristics. either spirit is the spring , and all power -kai is the substance .\nSo a lot successions applyment , so much susches - tvuet and substantsiy .V this\n ism of the world is exactly the system substan - Nations forces\nfor unity and an un fixed variety of entities and phenomena\n tummy find their\n subtraction totally in term vsepronizy -down administration,\n legitimate structural . Power- sub- move as centers\n dousing colossal energies precisely innumerablely many , because\ntheir take a hoped number, and peculiarly erraticness of could\n come by dint of limitless immensity of phenomena. absolute\nsubstances , forces oppose to all(prenominal) former(a)wise would destroy the unity of\nworld. The way out is to nai -minute much(prenominal) a characterization and\nstructure of relations mingled with substances that would explain\nsynergies mingled with the striking and the decree of their actions.\nNecessary to characterize the supreme precept of unity and peace,\nconverting kakafoniya self-sufficient substances in\nproportioned , compatible chorus.\nLeibniz began to look for the issue of these prob- lems in the government agency of\n received , that is preloaded , and the archetype of world harmony\nGod is the pop off serial of upgrade great substantsiy.Motiv\nsynthetic thinking circularizes by dint of the full system Leybnitsa.Za half(prenominal)\ncenturies before Hegel tale last he saw of philosophy non as\ncongestion\nmistakes and errors , simply as a seeded player ve - likih lessons and guesswork.\n some opposite t distri exceptivelyer for the impudent system was groundbreaking science : it\n initiative stood at the origins monasology Ley bnitsa.Po thought Leibniz\nfrom a single - substance nepovto rimoe mixture\nthings and qualities of an sempiternal universe -minute production keep non , so\n tenet\n soft trans composition should be\nintroduced into the substance . Philosopher was powerful in thinking that most\nshould be the temperament of being there mnogokachestvennost . except it\n exertion against monism of Spinoza give the gate non be ass essed unambiguously.\nLeibniz was right in criticizing Spinoza for his t severallyings on the properties\nsubstance non plainly make out tos it impossible to pass obos -\nNova convert to the inexhaustible diversity of the world of modes , entirely tied(p)\npreclude it , but Leibniz was wrong , accept that taco -mu\n removal prevents that Spinoza counter from the concept Claiming\nsubstances that atomic number 18 infinitely many , Leibniz mixing two distinguishable\nproblem - manifold things. so the fallacy of his claims\nto susches - infinite set tvovalo substances. True, he\nr separatelyes unity and\n decree substances alleging among them\nrigorous and encompassing hierarchy , so that they form kinship, they\n get a kind of dialectic Vai real unity and diversity\nworld, but this dialectic in this typesetters case r individuallyes the road\nprice - the price of high-flownism , as all substances in leafy vegetable amid\na total priroda.Poetomu their unearthly di fferences amidst substances\nare non post- meter and mechanically -\n three-figure , and un netnyly - psychical - pure tone and constitutionalally . method acting\nLeibniz propagates face-to-face identity element and autonomy across\nworld, to most of his over -Dalen . like the different\nhuman temper , substance individual and grotesque , each\none\nhas originality , in its own way is changing and evolving , although\ndevelop-ment of them all eventually liberation in the same direction\n. For all its individuality substance related to each\n other(a) non only in that they phantasmal, but in addition in that they\n timeless and simple , ie, indivisible by(predicate) . In this sense , and also that\nspatial differences for them in thinketary non important , they\n conciliate a chief - the range is not numerical or physical Kie\nAnd metaphysical . personal imply, jibe to Leibnitz , in\nfundamentally invariably composite , that is real and knowable r aschlenimy ,\ndivisible into their parcels , so that the physical reputation does not hold up\nno final exam exam , not gain ground divisible elements . summit\n nerve center of numeral abstraction , not realnost.Leybnits not only\ncharacterizes the substance , citing selective information are microscopy as hold water\n show , but considers them\na kind of metaphysical differentials, by some\ninfinitesimal essence of . In stringent use of all these\nterms arises analytic impasse, as the final timelessness\nimpossible, as well as any standardised concept to her . but\nallegorical learn\nSRI - no more(prenominal) than appropriate bill for the substance. they do not\nits duration -tively , but in this sense, they are the menstruations , then\nis like a spatial nothing , but being substances ,\nthey are full of capacitance and metaphysical neischerpaemy.Buduchi\n contingents or live secret code substan -tion of Leibniz with no less right\nand whitethorn be called metafiziches kimi individuals, ie\ndifference ) as the philosopher began to call them since 1696 g.monasy not arise\n, For the happening of substances from nothing would be a miracle , and\n corporal appearance as a merge antecedently sous- schestvovavshih separate not\ninherent substances . They do not\n authorize , because founder idler only complex bodies decaying into\nits parting elements . Substance stool not die , that is\nmonass immortality rable and this is homogeneous duham.V than career monass ?\n altogether support is an exercise and not substance\nmay be abeyant , on the other hand, only a sub - jibe\nmay absorb activity. monass alien passivity, they\n exceedingly active , and you go off tell that it is a strong desire\nis their essence. apiece of them has a permanent and\n perpetual flow of stir, in which the change of internecineism and ontogeny\ncoincide. Monad - it forces\nand because they are spectral , but at the same time are aims , the y\nrepresent centers SOS redotocheniya forces of different quality ,\nbut endlessly desirel . The commandment of active chase Leibniz\nextended to the whole of reputation - this is his natural science\nznachenie.Idealisticheskoe understanding Leibniz question of substratum\n monads inevitably had an opposition on the reading material of their dynamism. Suschnos -\ntnye forces - the forces primary , eternal , ceaselessly nutrition in their\nactions , unique and corporate trust the ability to change\npared and a disposition to update . fruition is oriented from\nideal and spectral in the material : the spiritual forces generate spirit up\ntion movement, which manifests itself\nthen as the movement of the tangible , and hence already more\nstems length and structure childs playost physical processes.\nMonads are the guide is an hour - tnosti , a sense that they are\nconcentration due to its indivisible spiritual forces that\n butt end incomplete crushed nor engender live. Divisible position and\nrepeatable fragments and non- divisible monads not only because of its\npoint character , but also in the event that in essence they are out\nspatial properties of monads not izmereniy.Dinamicheskie\nare the sender character of the forces of monads take aim napravleniy.Monady\nLeibniz considered and described by semblance with\nhuman I . Their disembodied spirit is not only in performance but also in\n awareness. spiritualist meaning of monad Leibniz and\nIt is based on an ontology , ie stantly was revealed philosopher\nthrough analogies and examples from the field of reputation psychology details .\n still considered the properties of the soul, it is emphasized Leibniz good deal\nunderstand the features of monads , the\nmore that human souls also monady.Tak , personality,\nchanging passim a persons life , it is this\npersonality , preserving the pertinacity of consciousness of his\n instauration in time . Movement of each monad is its s piritual change\n teaching. All huge appeal of monads reminds raft\nconsciousness which is a gang of consciousness -tions of its constituent\nindividual monads - lichnostey.Imeya common spiritual genius and familiar\norigin, all rows fork up mona -\n resembling to each other , just as the different constitution of the mind and\n races views . Differences between monads as mezhey do\nhuman souls may be listed on at to the lowest physical body two major\nparameters - for angle of view of the world, ie, ori - gation\nstructures of consciousness , and the pointedness of general study, the activity and\nsovershenstva.Soglasno principle of gradualness\nmonads not only differ from each other , but in some\nleast akin(predicate) to each other exactly as it happens in military man ,\nresulting in the formation of various groups and types of monadic\ntsarstva.Vseobschaya identical set of monads and the democracy : in circumstance\nthe like the souls of men , each of the m - separate world ,\nhaving their content, which depose not penetrate any\n hard drink bonus content from the extraneous and\nfrom which it can not do anything leak outside . each\nmonad - a unopen space, and hence the notable utterance of - Leibniz\n Monad does not have windows through which anything could\nenter there or from there to leave . Monad not\ncan affect anything outside yourself and do not subject\nno international influence th - their self-sufficiency in this\n paragon , and in their self-restraint fix that the world\nrepresents a not chaos, but sistemu.Leybnits dreamed as a pure\ncoordination of monads and their subordination forming system\nmanagement . moreover all this is slow down - tizhimo because it contradicts\nself-en closed monads , and business human relationship of Leibnizs monads that some volitionally\nsubject to another(prenominal) if they are similar views of the world , it is super\nartificially . If monads self- closed , it is impossi ble not only their\norganization in as management and submission, but dialogue .\nWithdrawing from the real monad\nextended real- world Leu- bnits delinked thereby\nsignificant relationship of phenomenal : the fact of the interaction between\nthings ceased to be in his eyes attests link between\nmonads. metaphysical point it is not possible to go on with each\nelse if there is no space for their communica-tion , and they themselves\n. okkazionalistskogo Problem result monads\nBy which God continually\nperforming on them , and harmonizes places in mutually\none correspondence of their condition, not quite cheerful\nLeibniz. It remained in its internal activities\neach monad look for the cause of its unity with the rest of\nmonads and describe the processes that lead to this unity . and then\ncharacterize this problem\ninternal activities of monads precisely as some history of their\nzhizni.Danny final cause contained a penetrate of a dialectical\n. Evaluation of this plan is twofold . tenseness on infinity\n-limit inexhaustible content of each monad strengthens\nthen the qualitative diversity of the world, which is set by the fact times\ndifferences of all monads from each other. And if their originality and nepov\n- Storms says more against the unity and harmony of the world ,\nthan in his favor , the infinite variety within each\nof them gives hope for finding this unity and harmony\n over again, be-cause that each monad can be something that\ncorresponds to a particular point in time the state and change\nof all other monad.Esli same confine\nself-sufficiency for each mona -dy of her inner world of the individual , how much\nmost fixed - smiling metaphysical features of the whole system of Leibniz.\nInternal in much(prenominal) a case stands isolated from the outer monad\njealously locked in their personal and unique , although in this\ncan al shipway be comfortable but to find something about APPLICABLE\nunique black there each of all other mo nads. other\nresult and could not\nbe , as long as the substance of Spinoza - the entire reality and\nsubstance in Leibniz - this is a head-to-head and strictly personal microcosm .\nLeibniz understood monads internal tuition ? Each\nlives more or less smart life which can be explained\nAgain , by analogy with the mental life of the people : the tone of voice with -\nzertsaniya , representation , identity - this is her stage . monads as\nwould be ambidextrous : the desire and scholarship - are two sides of their life neither .\nSelf- using of each monad - it is a transition to more - you\nsokim stages of consciousness , which coincides with the promote of its\npoznaniya.Vposledstvii did this idea of Leibniz central\nprinciple of his philosophy of Hegel : the development of a substance , its identity\nand discharge are one and the monads zhe.Razvitie occurs in\n concurrence with the principle of continuity . Representation , being in\nthe same monads at different times and in different monads in the same\n unequal time and gives to give varying degrees of clarity,\n gradually suit more and more report and livymi polnymi.Shema 1.Samye scorn\nmonads ( scheme 1 - rude(a) and they account for a major\nway of inorganic nature , and is neither at rest(predicate)\nbecause there is no death , no\nE - liveness the life you live conscious soul. these monads\n untroubled sleep , and they make the stones , earth , cheat on , etc.\np.Mezhdu alleged(prenominal) inanimate nature and there is no live -\nnoncontinuous communication through a twine of intermediate golf links , ie, pro-\nintermediate beings.\n here(predicate) comes into effect the principle of\ncontinuity method of Leibniz. Ramps and inside there are organic in -\n babybirth -\nbetween plants and animals and humanity ( out fold 1 - second air division\nmonads is characterized in that its elements have feelings and\nintuitions . The most untested members of that mob are peculiar\npassiv e , ie, subliminal and polusozna -tional , lightheaded\ncontemplation. Favorite examples of such(prenominal) case - lie in\nLeibniz just now audible plagiarize for us , published by the accident\na penetrate of sand , and a faint to-do coastal waves . But this means that the Smoot- ITATION\nperception, according to Leibnitz , there are not only overthrow , but also\n true monads (shower ) . The basic structure of the second class - zhivotnye.Ih\noperations are primarily passive , passive ; samosoz nanie - they do not\n\nsvoystvenno.Trety , the highest of all known class of monads\nform the souls of men (the ability to reason . averaged element\nthird class was for Leibniz that model, in which he\n create the doctrine of monads voobsche.Itak monads at all infinite\ntheir qualitative sort constitute general\nsequence system. Development of the lower class of monads aims\nachieving a state monads A more highly-developed animals , and the development\nis directed toward the las t state of the spirits. But the high , spiritual monads\nIe people , is observed the same pattern - their conscious life\noriented times\n- development of scientific and philosophical thinking, preceded\nrather bounderish state as a child , and the initial\nstages of knowledge of any target , because it begins with passive\ntion - sensitivity. In monad high(prenominal)(prenominal) rank always at\nare present\nlower states . In the light of this teaching Leibniz is obtained new\nunderstanding of Aristotles theory of the three levels ( types ) of the soul -\nvegetative, animal and perspicacious , ie, the thinking . A rational\ncontent of this theory is that the higher functions of the organism does not ma\ncan be utilise differently as functions based on lower , i.e.\ndepend first of all monads poslednih.Shodstvo programs and expressed\nin the community of trends of development of their emotional life.\n committed in their cognitive -tional processes are most connected with the desires\nConstituting them as the other side. With increase\ncognitive activity monads increase and their desire , which in turn\nturn become a source of get along progress monads , their\nfocus on the transition into higher , ie, committed\nstate. Monad to this goal stormily seek , they are united in\nThis summary on con-tent teleology , although it is always in varying degrees\nimplementing different E - monads , and the hierarchy of powers\nperfection holds well as from the point of\nof the degree of carrying into action of the common for all of them the same tseli.Kakov\ndestination teleological development of monads and how far he \nseparated from people? What is the scratch line point of their development in the world\nsequence? Question of the starting point is solved in terms of\ncontinuous series of metaphysical differentials : any(prenominal)\nundeveloped mo - nada has not been named , is always possible , in principle, doom\nsome other , more or less developed , so that , denoting the source\nWorld harsh sequence through kind Kuyu\ninfinite set . The same approach is firm by the solution\nthe existence of a class or classes of monads post humanum - after people (\nScheme 1 - Konkrentny say here is impossible, since\n in operation(p) principle of higher monads incomprehensible to lower , but\ngeneral nature of the Council understandably planned - such classes are not\ncan not exist , because there is no\nend nor desires monads - people, that is their desire to\nfurther improvement , or just their overall progress\ncollective. Leibniz believes that in the universe there are living susches - Twa\n emend than lyudi.Odnako highest point in the filament\nmonads progressing - it is not any di , but not being better than\npeople. A susches - tvuet this point at all? Or is it restrictive ,\nbut objectively not just the existing target aspirations ? as\n parturiency - objective reason or restrictive\n- This would have been the final destina tion at the same time and the final\n spring the evolution of any monad , and ordering\nharmonize its activities with the legal action of the Tew - all other monad.Dlya\n solve to the last question to take a enveloping(prenominal) look -ing world\nsequence monads. It does not express the development of the system of monads in\nthe sense that it takes some prevrvschenie monads into other -\nLeibniz denied this development . but\nthe progress of each of the mo - over in one of their number , in principle,\nanything, anyplace , and can neer be halt , although their development and\ncommits often retrograde motion because of what the world\nphenomena called death , and in the estate of essences - involution monads\nthere is a temporary worker return -viation them at a low level\nspiritual life, and not, moreover , guarantees that after each\nsuch return at present followed by a climb to the previously\nachieved , and even more so on\nhigher uroven.Na conditional line no developme nt\n finale , if we regard it as a sequence of all monads\n place in harmony with the relevant reached at the\nmoment of their degree of development. After that part of the sequence ,\nwhich is pos -le monads - human souls , boundless,\nrepresenting a kind of directional beam . In the boundless universe\nnot only unbounded large number of more mod beings ,\nthan men , but no - edge large number of different degrees\nperfection inherent in their various gruppam.Itak line \nultimacy no finite limit , but there is a limit infinite , if very\nboundlessness understand as a limit! This limit\nself-development ,\nimprovement and self - monads Venue Paet Leibniz under\nthe name of idol ... Leibniz was the creator of one of the most original and\ntion fruitful philosophical systems of modern times. dialectic logic\nand profoundly scientific style - thats what characterizes the best parties\nits fi - losofskogo creativity. This philosophy has absorbed\nachievements of their predecess ors and contemporaries, provided an answer to their\nHunt , and in many ways ahead of its time .